{"id":16340,"date":"2020-02-03T10:00:50","date_gmt":"2020-02-04T03:28:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/2020\/02\/04\/ba90f4733d\/"},"modified":"2020-02-04T11:28:43","modified_gmt":"2020-02-04T03:28:43","slug":"ba90f4733d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/2020\/02\/03\/ba90f4733d\/","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u3011\u523a\u6740\u654c\u914b\uff0c\u65e0\u6d4e\u4e8e\u4e8b\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u4e4b\u540e\u8fd8\u80fd\u751f\u5b58\uff1f| \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba \u7b2c320\u671f"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u73cd\u5a1c\u00b7\u4e54\u4e39\uff08Jenna Jordan\uff09\uff0c\u4f50\u6cbb\u4e9a\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u8428\u59c6\u00b7\u52aa\u6069\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u5b66\u9662\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5174\u8da3\u5305\u62ec\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u8fc1\u5f99\u3001\u9886\u571f\u4f9d\u9644\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9879\u76ee\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u7f16\u8bd1\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u90b5\u826f\uff08\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba\u7f16\u8bd1\u5458\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u6821\u5bf9\u3011<\/span><\/strong>\u5218\u9896\u54f2<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u5ba1\u6838\u3011<\/span><\/strong>\u59da\u5bf0\u5b87<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u6392\u7248\u3011<\/span><\/strong>\u674e\u4f73\u9716<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u6e90\u3011<\/span><\/strong>Jordan, Jenna. (2014). Attacking the leader, missing the mark.<\/span> International Security, 38<\/em>(4), 7-38.<\/span><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.mitpressjournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1162\/ISEC_a_00157<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u5b89\u5168\u300b\uff08International Security\uff09\u4e8e1976\u5e74\u521b\u7acb\uff0c\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\u9886\u57df\u7684\u9876\u7ea7\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u8bae\u5b66\u672f\u671f\u520a\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b63\u520a\u5f62\u5f0f\u53d1\u884c\u3002\u7531\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u8d1d\u5c14\u5f17\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard University\uff09\u7f16\u8f91\uff0c\u9ebb\u7701\u7406\u5de5\u5b66\u9662\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff08MIT Press\uff09\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u6839\u636e2018 Journal Citation Reports\uff0c\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u5b50\u4e3a4.500\uff0c\u4f4d\u5217\u201c\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u7c7b\u522b\u671f\u520a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u523a\u6740\u654c\u914b\uff0c\u65e0\u6d4e\u4e8e\u4e8b<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Attacking the Leader, Missing the Mark<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Why Terrorist Groups Survive Decapitation Strikes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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Jenna Jordan<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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        \u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u80fd\u6d88\u706d\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5417\uff1f\u7f8e\u56fd\u80fd\u5426\u901a\u8fc7\u6293\u83b7\u6216\u51fb\u6bd9\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u6765\u6d88\u706d\u8bf8\u5982\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff1f\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u53cd\u6050\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u5206\u6790\u5bb6\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u5bf9\u524a\u5f31\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u751f\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u964d\u4f4e\u5176\u5a01\u80c1\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\u884c\u4e4b\u6709\u6548\u3002\u6beb\u4e0d\u5947\u602a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u628a2011\u5e745\u67082\u65e5\u5728\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u963f\u4f2f\u5854\u5df4\u5fb7\uff08Abbottabad\uff09\u51fb\u6bd9\u672c\u00b7\u62c9\u767b\uff08Osama bin Laden\uff09\u7684\u4e8b\u4ef6\u89c6\u4f5c\u5bf9\u5965\u5df4\u9a6c\uff08Barak Obama\uff09\u603b\u7edf\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u53cd\u6050\u6218\u4e89\u6765\u8bf4\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u5927\u6218\u672f\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u9879\u884c\u52a8\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u540e\u9488\u5bf9\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u88ad\u51fb\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4f46\u957f\u671f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u96be\u4ee5\u524a\u5f31\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6709\u751f\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u622a\u7136\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u540e\u679c<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u81ea\u201c911\u201d\u6050\u6016\u88ad\u51fb\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fb\u6bd9\u6216\u6293\u83b7\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u52a8\u90fd\u662f\u666e\u904d\u9488\u5bf9\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8fbe\u6210\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u5b9e\u884c\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u519b\u4e8b\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7279\u79cd\u4f5c\u6218\u90e8\u961f\u7684\u7a81\u88ad\u3002\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u672c\u00b7\u62c9\u767b\u548c\u963f\u5e03\u00b7\u7a46\u8428\u5e03\u00b7\u624e\u5361\u7ef4\u5747\u906d\u5230\u88ad\u51fb\u30022012\u5e7410\u67085\u65e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u519b\u5728\u5229\u6bd4\u4e9a\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u7a81\u88ad\u884c\u52a8\u4e2d\u902e\u6355\u4e86\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u963f\u5e03\u00b7\u963f\u7eb3\u65af\u00b7\u5229\u6bd4\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8fd8\u9891\u9891\u4f7f\u7528\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u6765\u6253\u51fb\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u4ee5\u53ca\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u3001\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u548c\u4e5f\u95e8\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5206\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

        2012\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e2d\u592e\u60c5\u62a5\u5c40\u5728\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u4ee5\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u7a7a\u88ad\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u51fb\u6bd9\u4e86\u65f6\u4efb\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u526f\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u963f\u5e03\u00b7\u4e9a\u54c8\u00b7\u5229\u6bd4\uff08Abu Yahya al-Libi\uff09\u3002\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5229\u6bd4\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u804c\u80fd\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u5c06\u4ed6\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5df2\u88ab\u524a\u5f31\u7684\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6c89\u91cd\u6253\u51fb\u3002\u4e5d\u4e2a\u6708\u524d\uff0c\u4e00\u679a\u7531\u7f8e\u56fd\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u53d1\u5c04\u7684\u5730\u72f1\u706b\u5bfc\u5f39\u51fb\u6bd9\u4e86\u4e0e\u8bb8\u591a\u6050\u6016\u5206\u5b50\u9634\u8c0b\u6709\u5173\u7684\u7f8e\u7c4d\u4e5f\u95e8\u88d4\u795e\u804c\u4eba\u5458\u5b89\u74e6\u5c14\u00b7\u5965\u62c9\u57fa\uff08Anwar al-Awlaki\uff09\u3002\u636e\u79f0\u662f\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u963f\u63d0\u4e9a\u00b7\u963f\u535c\u675c\u52d2\u00b7\u62c9\u8d6b\u66fc\uff08Atiyah Abd al-Rahman\uff09\u4e5f\u5728\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u88ad\u51fb\u4e2d\u4e27\u751f\u3002\u62c9\u8d6b\u66fc\u5728\u672c\u00b7\u62c9\u767b\u4e0e\u57fa\u5c42\u4eba\u5458\u4e4b\u95f4\u8d77\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6c9f\u901a\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4f0a\u5229\u4e9a\u65af\u00b7\u5361\u4ec0\u7c73\u91cc\uff08Ilyas Kashmiri\uff09\u66fe\u662f\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u5723\u6218\u8fd0\u52a8\uff08Harakat-ul-Jihad al-Islami\uff09\u7684\u4f5c\u6218\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u30022011\u5e746\u67083\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u5357\u74e6\u6d4e\u91cc\u65af\u5766\uff08South Waziristan\uff09\u4e5f\u6b7b\u4e8e\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u88ad\u51fb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5e74\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u65e0\u4eba\u673a\u7a7a\u88ad\u6253\u51fb\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u5c3d\u7ba1\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4f8b\u5b50\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u4e9b\u4f8b\u5b50\u4e2d\u6210\u529f\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ecd\u7136\u6625\u98ce\u5439\u53c8\u751f\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u97e7\u6027\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9488\u5bf9\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7528\u5904\u4e0d\u5927\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u8d77\u5230\u53cd\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u62b5\u6297\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7a0b\u5ea6<\/strong>\u3002<\/strong>\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u4f55\u65f6\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u67d0\u4e9b\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u540e\u8fd8\u80fd\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u7ec6\u5fae\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u53cd\u6050\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u5f25\u8865\u5df2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u5206\u6790\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u5df2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u62b5\u5fa1\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e86\u6709\u5173\u9488\u5bf9\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0a\u8ff0\u53d1\u73b0\u5bf9\u7f8e\u56fd\u53cd\u6050\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n


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\u4e8c\u3001<\/span><\/strong>\u5173\u4e8e\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u5df2\u6709\u89c2\u70b9<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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        \u5173\u4e8e\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u6587\u732e\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u4e94\u4e2a\u9886\u57df\uff1a\u6050\u6016\u5206\u5b50\u5934\u76ee\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3001\u60c5\u62a5\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u5404\u79cd\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u4ee5\u53ca\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u9002\u5f97\u5176\u53cd\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5bf9\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e50\u89c2\u4f30\u8ba1\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u4eba\u7269\u5728\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/strong>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u4e2a\u4eba\u9b45\u529b\u7406\u8bba\uff08Theories of charismatic leadership\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u591a\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5176\u5934\u76ee\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u9b45\u529b\u3002\u4eba\u683c\u9b45\u529b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u7ef4\u6301\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u672c\u4eba\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u8ffd\u968f\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u4e2a\u4eba\u9b45\u529b\u7406\u8bba\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b9e\u529b\u548c\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u00b7\u666e\u8d56\u65af\uff08Bryan Price\uff09\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u66f4\u66ff\u5341\u5206\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u66b4\u529b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u5177\u51dd\u805a\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u4e2a\u4eba\u9b45\u529b\u578b\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5934\u76ee\u9886\u5bfc\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u66f4\u66ff\u66f4\u52a0\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u79d8\u5bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6bd4\u975e\u79d8\u5bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\uff0c\u800c\u51fa\u4e8e\u6218\u7565\u548c\u4e2a\u4eba\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u66f4\u6362\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u66f4\u96be\u88ab\u66ff\u6362\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u66ff\u6362\uff0c\u5219\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u666e\u8d56\u65af\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u4e8e\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u5e76\u672a\u8003\u8651\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c6\u4e3a\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u9ad8\u4f30\u4e86\u6210\u529f\u7387\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u8bc4\u4f30\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u524a\u5f31\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b9e\u529b\u6548\u679c\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u9884\u6d4b\u6307\u6807\u3002\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\uff08Michael Freeman\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6210\u529f\u6982\u7387\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u8fd0\u8425\u6216\u9f13\u821e\u6027\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u517c\u5177\u8fd0\u8425\u548c\u9f13\u821e\u6027\u89d2\u8272\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u540e\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5d29\u6e83\u3002\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u79f0\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e2a\u4eba\u9b45\u529b\u578b\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u6240\u5e26\u9886\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u6d41\u901d\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u6b64\u7c7b\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u52a0\u575a\u97e7\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7834\u83b7\u6709\u5173\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5173\u952e\u60c5\u62a5\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u524a\u5f31\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b9e\u529b\u3002<\/strong>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u79d8\u9c81\u5f53\u5c40\u5728\u6293\u83b7 \u201c\u5149\u8f89\u9053\u8def\u201d\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u963f\u7ef4\u9a6c\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u53e4\u65af\u66fc\uff08AbimaelGuzm\u00e1n\uff09\u65f6\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u4f7f\u5f97\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5458\u4e5f\u88ab\u6293\u83b7\u3002\u88ab\u6293\u83b7\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u5173\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u5b9e\u529b\u3001\u4eba\u4e8b\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/strong>\u51ef\u745f\u7433\u00b7\u5361\u5229\uff08Kathleen Carley\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6bd4\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u96be\u64bc\u52a8\u3002<\/span>\u9a6c\u514b\u00b7\u8428\u5947\u66fc\uff08Marc Sageman\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e9b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u4e00\u9879\u9488\u5bf9\u5168\u7403\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u539f\u6559\u65e8\u4e3b<\/span>\u4e49\u5723\u6218\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u8428\u5947\u66fc\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u793e\u4ea4\u7f51\u7edc\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u5730\u7406\u4e0a\u5b64\u7acb\u548c\u758f\u8fdc\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u52a0\u5165\u5171\u540c\u7fa4\u7ec4\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7fa4\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ebd\u5e26\u5efa\u7acb\u5e76\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u6f5c\u5728\u6fc0\u8fdb\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u9f13\u52a8\u4ed6\u4eec\u52a0\u5165\u5723\u6218\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7fa4\u7ec4\u7684\u53bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6027\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u4f7f\u5176\u96be\u4ee5\u88ab\u6253\u51fb\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u5426\u6709\u6548\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f55\u65f6\u594f\u6548\u65b9\u9762\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u6b67\u3002<\/strong>\u666e\u8d56\u65af\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u3002<\/span>\u5e15\u7279\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u65af\u987f\uff08Patrick Johnston\uff09\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff0c\u65a9\u9996\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u6050\u6016\u88ad\u51fb\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u548c\u9891\u7387\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u7ed3\u675f\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u83b7\u80dc\u3002<\/span>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u65af\u987f\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u65a9\u9996\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u7834\u574f\u5df2\u7ecf\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u800c\u4e14\u8270\u82e6\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u53db\u4e71\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u58eb\u6c14\u201d\uff0c\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5927\u578b\u53cd\u6050\u884c\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u66f4\u4e3a\u6709\u6548\u3002<\/span>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7ea6\u7ff0\u65af\u987f\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u6709\u529b\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5173\u4e8e\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u63a2\u8ba8\uff1a<\/span>\u5b83\u6ca1\u6709\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4f55\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\u3001\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5404\u56fd\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u5e94\u8be5\u6216\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u5bf9\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fdb\u884c\u6253\u51fb\u3002<\/span>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u65af\u987f\u53ea\u5173\u5fc3\u53db\u4e71\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/span>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e00\u4e9b\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e5f\u662f\u53db\u4e71\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4f46\u8bb8\u591a\u53db\u4e71\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e76\u672a\u91c7\u53d6\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6218\u672f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u7b2c\u4e94\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u53ef\u80fd\u9002\u5f97\u5176\u53cd\u3002<\/strong>\u610f\u60f3\u4e0d\u5230\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u540e\u679c\u5305\u62ec\u6b89\u9053\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3001\u65b0\u4eba\u62db\u52df\u7684\u6fc0\u589e\u3001\u62a5\u590d\u6027\u88ad\u51fb\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51b3\u5fc3\u548c\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ad\u51fb\u9891\u7387\u548c\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0a\u5347\u3002<\/p>\n


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\n

        <\/p>\n

        \u5728\u672c\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e00\u4e9b\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u540e\u4ecd\u80fd\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u97e7\u6027\u201d\u662f\u6307\u906d\u5230\u7834\u574f\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u5426\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e8b\u6050\u6016\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u97e7\u6027\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff1a\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7edd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u6216\u53d7\u5230\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u70ed\u70c8\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89e3\u6563\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002<\/strong>\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8f83\u9ad8\u5e76\u4e14\u53d7\u5230\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u96be\u88ab\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u64bc\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u9002\u5f97\u5176\u53cd\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u589e\u5f3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u97e7\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n

       \u7ec4\u7ec7\u97e7\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u706d\u4ea1\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u804c\u80fd\u6709\u660e\u786e\u7684\u5212\u5206\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u627f\u53d7\u4e00\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u89c4\u6a21\u66f4\u5c0f\uff0c\u5e74\u5934\u66f4\u77ed\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u8272\u5f69\u66f4\u6d53\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u4e0d\u6613\u5b98\u50da\u5316\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u62b5\u5fa1\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u5177\u6709\u666e\u904d\u6027\u7684\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u59d4\u6d3e\u804c\u8d23\u65f6\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/span>\u7c73\u6b47\u5c14\u00b7\u514b\u7f57\u9f50\u8036\uff08Michel Crozier\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u975e\u4eba\u683c\u89c4\u5219\u201d\u901a\u8fc7\u8be6\u7ec6\u754c\u5b9a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u6765\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u6211\u5f3a\u5316\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u5219\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u9488\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/span>\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u97e6\u4f2f\uff08Max Weber\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6743\u5a01\u3001\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u5212\u5206\u4f7f\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6700\u6709\u6548\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5176\u66f4\u80fd\u62b5\u6297\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u591a\u5143\u5316\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u804c\u8d23\u548c\u6743\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u4fdd\u6301\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u754c\u9650\u3002<\/strong>\u968f\u7740\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7684\u804c\u80fd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5176\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/span>\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u683c\u6797\u8036\u5c14\uff08Peter Grinyer\uff09\u548c\u9a6c\u82cf\u5fb7\u00b7\u4e9a\u585e\u00b7\u963f\u5fb7\u5361\u5c3c\uff08Masoud Yasai-Ardekani\uff09\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u7ec4\u7ec7\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c06\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u591a\u5143\u5316\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\u5c06\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\u3002<\/span>\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u591a\u5143\u5316\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u53ef\u9760\u548c\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ef4\u6301\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u662f\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u3002<\/span>\u6234\u7ef4\u00b7\u7ef4\u5c3c\u65af\uff08David Veness\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u591a\u5143\u5316\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b58\u6d3b\u7387\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002<\/span>\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u804c\u80fd\u7684\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u3001\u6210\u7acb\u65f6\u95f4\u8f83\u4e45\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u65f6\uff0c\u4e54\u8fea\u00b7\u7ef4\u6258\u91cc\uff08Jodi Vittori\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u5176\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u6e90\u8d8a\u5bb9\u6613\u53d8\u5f97\u591a\u5143\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

       \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u6548\u7387\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/strong>\u6839\u636e\u739b\u838e\u00b7\u8d39\u5c14\u5fb7\u66fc\uff08Martha Feldman\uff09\u548c\u5e03\u83b1\u6069\u00b7\u5f6d\u7279\u5170\uff08Brian Pentland\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b8c\u6210\u5176\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u201d\u82ad\u82ad\u62c9\u00b7\u83b1\u7ef4\u7279\uff08Barbara Levitt\uff09\u548c\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u9a6c\u5947\uff08James March\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5236\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u6548\u7387\u3002\u5236\u5ea6\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4e4b\u4e00\u5219\u662f\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u79bb\u5f00\u540e\u751f\u5b58\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c06\u52aa\u529b\u594b\u6597\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5176\u6210\u5458\u548c\u6240\u5728\u7684\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u548c\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u4e3a\u6b62\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u9ad8\u5ea6\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u5386\u5e73\u7a33\u7684\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u63a5\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u96be\u56e0\u4e3a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u6d88\u5931\u800c\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u804c\u8d23\u5206\u5de5\u8ba9\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6210\u5458\u90fd\u80fd\u5404\u53f8\u5176\u804c\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f97\u4ee5\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u6d88\u5931\u540e\u7ee7\u7eed\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u51cf\u5c11\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u5176\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u6d88\u5931\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u96be\u4ee5\u5bf9\u76ee\u6807\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u529b\u4ea7\u751f\u6301\u4e45\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u8bc4\u4f30\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/strong><\/p>\n

       \u548c\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u90fd\u662f\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u7684\uff1a\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u6765\u81ea\u9ad8\u5c42\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u884c\u653f\u7ba1\u7406\u4eba\u5458\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u9075\u5b88\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u4eec\u4fdd\u6301\u529f\u80fd\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5206\u652f\u673a\u6784\u548c\u57fa\u7840\u67b6\u6784\u3002\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7684\u79d8\u5bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u7167\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0e\u5176\u6210\u5458\u3001\u8d22\u52a1\u548c\u6d3b\u52a8\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u53ef\u80fd\u63ed\u793a\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4fdd\u7559\u6210\u5458\u4e2a\u4eba\u82b1\u540d\u518c\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u6210\u5458\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u3001\u4f1a\u8ba1\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u56fe\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u4ef6\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u5982\u679c\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5185\u90e8\u5b58\u5728\u5206\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u519b\u4e8b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u652f\uff0c\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5c65\u884c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u804c\u80fd\u3002<\/strong>\u54c8\u9a6c\u65af\u548c\u6cf0\u7c73\u5c14\u4f0a\u62c9\u59c6\u731b\u864e\u89e3\u653e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ecf\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u5206\u652f\u5411\u5176\u6240\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684\u793e\u533a\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u83b7\u5f97\u652f\u6301\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u624b\u6bb5\u3002\u6709\u6548\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6709\u6548\u5730\u5411\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u5e94\u8be5\u8868\u660e\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u7ba1\u7406\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u3002\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u590d\u539f\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u5e74\u5934\u66f4\u957f\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7684\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u589e\u5f3a\u5176\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u6548\u7387\u548c\u62b5\u6297\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/strong>\u6839\u636e\u4e9a\u745f\u00b7\u65af\u8482\u91d1\u79d1\u59c6\uff08Arthur Stinchcombe\uff09\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u8fdb\u5165\u8005\u7f3a\u9677\u201d(liabilities of newness)\u8bba\u6587\uff0c\u65b0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u8981\u591a\u4e8e\u8001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u5e74\u5934\u66f4\u957f\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e94\u8be5\u66f4\u7a33\u5b9a\u8fd9\u4e00\u5047\u8bbe\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u65af\u8482\u91d1\u79d1\u59c6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u7acb\u65f6\u95f4\u8d8a\u957f\uff0c\u5b83\u8d8a\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5236\u5b9a\u51fa\u89c4\u5219\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u6765\u5f25\u8865\u4e0e\u65b0\u8fdb\u5165\u8005\u7f3a\u9677\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u635f\u8017\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u5546\u4e1a\u7ba1\u7406\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u56e2\u961f\u6700\u521d\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u84dd\u56fe\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u89c4\u6a21\u90fd\u4e0e\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6b63\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u7531\u4e8e\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5929\u751f\u662f\u79d8\u5bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d7\u5230\u53cd\u6050\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4fdd\u5bc6\u9700\u6c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/span>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u5149\u8f89\u9053\u8def\u201d\u548c\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\u9769\u547d\u6b66\u88c5\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u90fd\u5df2\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u3002<\/span>\u4e00\u4e9b\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u54c8\u9a6c\u65af\uff0c\u5728\u8f83\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u4e0a\u662f\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5728\u884c\u52a8\u7ea7\u522b\u4e0a\u4fdd\u6301\u53bb\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u4f7f\u8bb8\u591a\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u53cd\u6050\u884c\u52a8\u5177\u6709\u6781\u5927\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

        \u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6709\u5173\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u89c2\u70b9\u90fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e2a\u4eba\u9b45\u529b\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4f9d\u9760\u5176\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u9b45\u529b\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u9b45\u529b\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b98\u50da\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u4e3a\u62db\u52df\u65b0\u4eba\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u89c4\u8303\u548c\u89c4\u5219\uff0c\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u63a5\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u53d1\u5c55\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u7a0e\u6536\u548c\u6350\u732e\u5fc5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5c11\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u4ef6\u6765\u6ee1\u8db3\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4fdd\u5bc6\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u7b79\u96c6\u8d44\u91d1\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u5982\u4f55\u63d0\u9ad8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u97e7\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u652f\u6301\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5728\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u906d\u53d7\u88ad\u51fb\u540e\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u662f\u5426\u4ecd\u80fd\u7ef4\u6301\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b9e\u529b\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u83b7\u5f97\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u70ed\u70c8\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u8f7b\u677e\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u5f00\u5c55\u6709\u6548\u7684\u66b4\u52a8\u6240\u9700\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002<\/strong>\u5305\u62ec\u7f57\u6770\u00b7\u5f7c\u5f97\u68ee\uff08Roger Petersen\uff09\u548c\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u00b7\u963f\u7279\u5170\uff08Scott Atran\uff09\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u66b4\u52a8\u9700\u8981\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u3002\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5df2\u7ecf\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u83b7\u5f97\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u5176\u6240\u5728\u793e\u533a\u89c6\u4e3a\u5408\u6cd5\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u529b\u548c\u6548\u7387\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5e73\u53db\u6218\u7565\u5df2\u7ecf\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u8d62\u5f97\u6c11\u5fc3\u4ee5\u51cf\u5c11\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u53db\u4e71\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u3002<\/strong>\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5e73\u53cd\u51a4\u6848\uff0c\u5e73\u53db\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\u5c06\u83b7\u5f97\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u5c31\u4f1a\u5e2e\u52a9\u53db\u4e71\u5206\u5b50\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5206\u88c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u901a\u5e38\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u5728\u793e\u533a\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u6bd4\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u70ed\u70c8\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n

       \u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u5bf9\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6709\u6240\u8d21\u732e\u3002<\/strong>\u5b83\u4f7f\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u591f\u62db\u52df\u65b0\u4eba\u3001\u7b79\u96c6\u8d44\u91d1\u3001\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u952e\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d8\u5bc6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u9f13\u52b1\u66f4\u591a\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u67d0\u4e00\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u5176\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5175\u6e90\u3002<\/strong>\u5f7c\u5f97\u68ee\uff08Petersen\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u548c\u5175\u6e90\u5bf9\u7406\u89e3\u53db\u4e71\u4f55\u4ee5\u6210\u529f\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u6765\u8bf4\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u9879\u6709\u5173\u81ea\u6740\u5f0f\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u5e15\u4f69\uff08Robert Pape\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u4f7f\u81ea\u6740\u5f0f\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u5b9e\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u963f\u7279\u5170\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u83b7\u5f97\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7406\u7531\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u5bc6\u96c6\u7684\u65cf\u88d4\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u8054\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u4fe1\u606f\u3001\u62db\u52df\u65b0\u4eba\u548c\u751f\u5b58\u4e0b\u53bb\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c31\u65e0\u6cd5\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u201d \u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u5426\u6210\u529f\u8fbe\u6210\u76ee\u6807\u6765\u8bf4\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\uff0c\u4e5f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u8fd0\u4f5c\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u907f\u514d\u88ab\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u90e8\u961f\u201c\u4fa6\u67e5\uff0c\u76d1\u63a7\u548c\u6b7c\u706d\u201d\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u6697\u4e2d\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/strong>\u56e0\u4e3a\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u793e\u533a\u5185\u6fc0\u8d77\u6c11\u6124\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4ee5\u7ed9\u76ee\u6807\u4eba\u7269\u63d0\u4f9b\u85cf\u8eab\u4e4b\u5904\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u62a5\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u5bf9\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u53ef\u4ee5\u9f13\u52a8\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f00\u5c55\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u66b4\u52a8\u3002<\/strong>\u7c73\u5a05\u00b7\u5e03\u9c81\u59c6\uff08Mia Bloom\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5f53\u793e\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\u6740\u5bb3\u5e73\u6c11\u65f6\uff0c\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c31\u6709\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u79cd\u6218\u672f\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5173\u6ce8\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba4\u53ef\u5e76\u5bfb\u6c42\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u5176\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u654c\u5bf9\u6b66\u88c5\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u91cc\u6c99\u00b7\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\uff08Risa Brooks\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u6b66\u88c5\u5206\u5b50\u6240\u5728\u7684\u793e\u533a\u8feb\u4f7f\u6b66\u88c5\u5206\u5b50\u9075\u5b88\u6709\u5173\u5982\u4f55\u4f7f\u7528\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u201d\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5bbd\u5bb9\u4e3a\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4eba\u8eab\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u60c5\u62a5\u548c\u9632\u5fa1\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eec\u9690\u85cf\u6218\u6597\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u5efa\u8bbe\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4fdd\u6301\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u6216\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/strong>\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u6216\u76ee\u6807\u5931\u53bb\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6bc1\u574f\u5176\u6839\u57fa\u3002\u8fd9\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u6781\u5de6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8870\u843d\u3002\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5206\u88c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6240\u57fa\u4e8e\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u6216\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5931\u53bb\u516c\u4f17\u5174\u8da3\u5bf9\u5b97\u6559\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5371\u5bb3\u8f83\u5c0f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b97\u6559\u7ec4\u7ec7\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u4e0d\u53d7\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u7b2c\u4e94\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u652f\u6301\u5bf9\u4e8e\u83b7\u53d6\u4f7f\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u591f\u8fd0\u8f6c\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/strong>\u8d44\u6e90\u52a8\u5458\u7406\u8bba\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u5bf9\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9700\u8981\u8d44\u6e90\u6765\u8c03\u52a8\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u7ef4\u6301\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\u5e76\uff08\u6216\uff09\u6fc0\u52b1\u4eba\u4eec\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e8b\u4e1a\u505a\u51fa\u8d21\u732e\u3002\u201d\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u6c34\u5e73\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u5e94\u8be5\u6bd4\u652f\u6301\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u6885\u8036\u00b7\u624e\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Mayer Zald\uff09\u548c\u7f57\u4f2f\u5854\u00b7\u963f\u4ec0\uff08Roberta Ash\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u73af\u5883\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u8981\u7d20\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u8ba4\u540c\u8005\u5728\u5185\u7684\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\uff082\uff09\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u6240\u5728\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ec4\u6210\u57fa\u7840\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u201c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u8d77\u4f0f\u201d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6210\u529f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u6c60\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u62e5\u6709\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u7fa4\u4f17\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u652f\u914d\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u673a\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u5bf9\u53db\u4e71\u7684\u652f\u6301\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u9053\u683c\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u4e9a\u5f53\uff08Doug McAdam\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u539f\u4f4f\u6c11\u7ed3\u6784\u7ecf\u5e38\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u57fa\u7840\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u5bf9\u53db\u4e71\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6d3b\u52a8\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u56db\u79cd\u8d44\u6e90\uff1a\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u56e2\u7ed3\u6fc0\u52b1\uff0c\u6c9f\u901a\u7f51\u7edc\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6e90\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u5e94\u5bf9\u9488\u5bf9\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u9547\u538b\u65f6\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u8bc4\u4f30\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u5bf9\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u652f\u6301<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5411\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u8d62\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u516c\u4f17\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5176\u516c\u4f17\u5f62\u8c61\u3002<\/strong>\u5411\u5c45\u4f4f\u5728\u52a0\u6c99\u5730\u5e26\u548c\u7ea6\u65e6\u6cb3\u897f\u5cb8\u7684\u5df4\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u54c8\u9a6c\u65af\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7528\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u5728\u5f00\u521b\u63d0\u4f9b\u5173\u952e\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u54c8\u9a6c\u65af\u5df2\u7ecf\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u826f\u597d\u3001\u8fd0\u4f5c\u987a\u7545\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u83b7\u5f97\u7528\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u6e90\u6e90\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u793e\u4f1a\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0d\u4ec5\u66f4\u5177\u97e7\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u52a0\u9ad8\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u5bb9\u5fcd\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6c11\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6307\u6807\u3002\u9738\u9053\u7684\u53cd\u6050\u6218\u672f\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u6050\u6016\u5206\u5b50\u4e8b\u4e1a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/strong>\u5e03\u5362\u59c6\uff08Bloom\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5e94\u5bf9\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c06\u5bf9\u81ea\u6740\u5f0f\u70b8\u5f39\u88ad\u51fb\u8005\u80fd\u5426\u8d62\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u6c11\u5fc3\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u66f4\u7b3c\u7edf\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5979\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u67d0\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f4\u9738\u9053\u7684\u53cd\u6050\u6218\u672f\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5bf9\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u652f\u6301\u8005\u7684\u5148\u53d1\u5236\u4eba\u7684\u653b\u51fb\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9002\u5f97\u5176\u53cd\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u66f4\u591a\u4eba\u652f\u6301\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

        \u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u6c11\u610f\u8c03\u67e5\u4e5f\u80fd\u7528\u4e8e\u8bc4\u4f30\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u5bf9\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/strong>\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6c11\u610f\u8c03\u67e5\u6570\u636e\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd9\u4e00\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6d3b\u52a8\u8303\u56f4\u4e0b\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6570\u636e\u90fd\u96be\u4ee5\u83b7\u53d6\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8c03\u67e5\u6570\u636e\u90fd\u96be\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u6536\u96c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u5f88\u96be\u786e\u5b9a\u5bf9\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u4ea4\u6218\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u548c\u652f\u6301\u4f1a\u5982\u4f55\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u53d7\u8bbf\u8005\u8868\u8fbe\u5bf9\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u6218\u6597\u6027\uff08Militancy\uff09\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u611f\u53d7\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u8212\u670d\u6216\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\u3002\u8003\u8651\u5230\u6218\u6597\u6027\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u97e7\u6027\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8bc4\u4f30\u6c11\u610f\u6570\u636e\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u7528\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u67d0\u4e9b\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6307\u6807\u3002<\/strong>\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5206\u88c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e94\u6bd4\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u590d\u5236\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6240\u4f9d\u636e\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u901a\u5e38\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u3001\u5176\u5934\u76ee\u6216\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u671f\u6240\u72ec\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u5957\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u201c\u5149\u8f89\u9053\u8def\u201d\u575a\u6301\u53e4\u5179\u66fc\u7684\u6781\u7aef\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u6beb\u4e0d\u59a5\u534f\u7684\u9769\u547d\u8def\u7ebf\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4ee3\u8868\u4ed6\u4eec\u6545\u4e61\u793e\u533a\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u6d3e\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u70b9\u901a\u5e38\u975e\u5e38\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e2a\u4eba\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63d0\u5347\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u548c\u4fe1\u5ff5\u66f4\u52a0\u5fc5\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u5c3d\u7ba1\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6218\u672f\u53ef\u80fd\u6bd4\u8bb8\u591a\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u6240\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u66f4\u4e3a\u6fc0\u8fdb\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5e38\u5e38\u5f97\u5230\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002\u4ee5\u5206\u88c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u793e\u533a\u83b7\u5f97\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u81ea\u6cbb\u6216\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u613f\u671b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4f7f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f97\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u793e\u533a\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6c11\u610f\u3002<\/strong>\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5d4c\u5165\u6027\uff08Embeddedness\uff09\u8ba9\u5206\u88c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u5f53\u5730\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5176\u6d3b\u52a8\u6240\u5728\u7684\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u589e\u52a0\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u5bf9\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u9002\u5f97\u5176\u53cd\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u540e\u679c\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u4e0e\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e0e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u97e7\u6027\u548c\u62a5\u590d\u6027\u56de\u5e94\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u4e0e\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528<\/strong><\/p>\n

       \u5b98\u50da\u5316\u548c\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u4ee5\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u6c34\u5e73\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e94\u8be5\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u540e\u5e78\u5b58\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u8d77\u62a5\u590d\u6027\u653b\u51fb\uff08\u89c1\u56fe\u4e00\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u8c61\u9650\uff09\u3002<\/strong>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u906d\u53d7\u6b64\u7c7b\u653b\u51fb\u540e\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u8fdb\u884c\u91cd\u7ec4\u548c\u91cd\u5efa\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8c61\u9650\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u9ad8\uff0c\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7387\u4f4e\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u7b2c\u4e09\u8c61\u9650\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4f4e\uff0c\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7387\u9ad8\uff09\u4e5f\u5e94\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u540e\u5e78\u5b58\u3002<\/strong>\u7b2c\u4e09\u8c61\u9650\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8c61\u9650\u4e2d\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u91cd\u8981\u533a\u522b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8c61\u9650\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u7834\u574f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u540e\u5e94\u8be5\u66f4\u6613\u4e8e\u91cd\u7ec4\u548c\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\u800c\u7b2c\u4e09\u8c61\u9650\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e94\u80fd\u751f\u5b58\uff0c\u4f46\u91cd\u7ec4\u671f\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u8270\u8f9b\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u6c34\u5e73\u90fd\u5f88\u4f4e\uff08\u7b2c\u56db\u8c61\u9650\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5b83\u4eec\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u540e\u5d29\u6e83\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\"\u3010\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u3011\u523a\u6740\u654c\u914b\uff0c\u65e0\u6d4e\u4e8e\u4e8b\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u4e4b\u540e\u8fd8\u80fd\u751f\u5b58\uff1f|<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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       \u5b98\u50da\u5316\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u6570\u91cf\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4eba\u5728\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5bf9\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u4e4b\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u201c\u5347\u5b98\u201d\u3002\u5fd7\u613f\u4eba\u5458\u548c\u65b0\u5175\u901a\u5e38\u96be\u4ee5\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e4b\u524d\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u66f4\u591a\u8ba4\u540c\u3001\u6fc0\u60c5\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\u5c31\u80fd\u5f80\u4e0a\u722c\u3002\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd8\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4f9d\u9760\u62db\u52df\u65b0\u6210\u5458\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6765\u586b\u8865\u56e0\u4eba\u5458\u88ab\u4fd8\u6216\u88ab\u6740\u800c\u9020\u6210\u7684\u804c\u4f4d\u7a7a\u7f3a\u3002\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5c06\u80fd\u591f\u5438\u5f15\u7ec4\u7ec7\u518d\u751f\u6240\u9700\u7684\u65b0\u5175\u3002\u4e0b\u4e00\u8282\u5c06\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u5173\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/span>
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\u56db\u3001<\/span><\/strong>\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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        \u4e3a\u4e86\u8bc4\u4f30\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u5bfc\u81f4\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8870\u843d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531298\u8d77\u5b9e\u4f8b\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u4e8692\u4e2a\u57281945\u5e74\u81f32004\u5e74\u671f\u95f4\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u88ab\u902e\u6355\u6216\u88ab\u51fb\u6bd9\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8fd8\u5bf9169\u4e2a\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u76f8\u6bd4\u8870\u843d\u7684\u6bd4\u7387\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u4e0d\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u4e0e\u76f4\u89c9\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6bd4\u90a3\u4e9b\u7ecf\u5386\u8fc7\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u505c\u6b62\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/strong>\u906d\u53d7\u8fc7\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u670953\uff05\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u906d\u53d7\u8fc7\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u670970\uff05\u4e0d\u518d\u6d3b\u8dc3\u3002\u524d\u8005\u7684\u8870\u4ea1\u7387\u6bd4\u540e\u8005\u51e0\u4e4e\u4f4e\u4e8620\uff05\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u6765\u81ea\u8fd9\u9879\u5df2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6570\u636e\u652f\u6301\u4e86\u7ec4\u7ec7\u97e7\u6027\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u3001\u5e74\u5934\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u548c\u5206\u88c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u8870\u843d\u7684\u6bd4\u7387\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002\u6570\u636e\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u4e14\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6d53\u539a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u97e7\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7fa4\u4f53\u6c34\u5e73\u53d8\u91cf\uff08group-level variables\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8bc4\u4f30\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5e74\u9f84\u548c\u89c4\u6a21\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5f53\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u800c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5f53\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6307\u6807\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u5148\u524d\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6570\u636e\u652f\u6301\u4ee5\u4e0b\u89c2\u70b9\uff1a\u6700\u5177\u97e7\u6027\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e94\u8be5\u6700\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u8f83\u591a\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/strong>\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6570\u636e\u5982\u4f55\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd9\u4e00\u6848\u4f8b\uff1f\u901a\u8fc7\u8fdb\u884c\u6848\u4f8b\u5206\u6790\uff0c \u4f5c\u8005\u5f97\u51fa\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff1a\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u7b26\u5408\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u96be\u4ee5\u594f\u6548\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u673a\u6784\u53ca\u5176\u8bb8\u591a\u9644\u5c5e\u673a\u6784\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u90fd\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7387\u4e5f\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u62b5\u5fa1\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n


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       \u81ea2001\u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0e\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6709\u5173\u7684\u6050\u6016\u5206\u5b50\u7684\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u53cd\u6050\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u57fa\u77f3\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4e3a\u4f55\u65f6\u5b9e\u65bd\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u6709\u6548\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6216\u83b7\u5f97\u5927\u91cf\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u6613\u5728\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u4e4b\u540e\u751f\u5b58\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

       \u4f5c\u8005\u4f7f\u7528\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u6210\u7acb\u5e74\u9650\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7c7b\u578b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6307\u6807\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u5e74\u5934\u8f83\u957f\u3001\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5927\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6bd4\u5e74\u8f7b\u3001\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5c0f\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u62b5\u5fa1\u9762\u4e34\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u65f6\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u5e74\u5934\u8f83\u957f\u548c\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f80\u5f80\u6bd4\u89c4\u6a21\u8f83\u5c0f\u6216\u8f83\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5b98\u50da\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u5206\u88c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6bd4\u4ee5\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u66f4\u6613\u83b7\u5f97\u5730\u65b9\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

       \u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u6682\u65f6\u524a\u5f31\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4e00\u5ea6\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u884c\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u5c1d\u8bd5\u91cd\u7ec4\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u3002\u4ece\u53cd\u6050\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u9632\u6b62\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u91cd\u5efa\u4ee5\u53ca\u91cd\u65b0\u53c2\u4e0e\u654c\u5bf9\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5f97\u51fa\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u9488\u5bf9\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u5176\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d70\u5411\u8870\u843d\u6216\u957f\u671f\u9000\u5316\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u548c\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u793e\u533a\u7fa4\u4f17\u652f\u6301\u4f7f\u5176\u7ecf\u53d7\u4f4f\u4e86\u5bf9\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u5c42\u7684\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/strong>\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7f8e\u56fd2001\u5e74\u5bf9\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u4ee5\u53ca\u968f\u540e\u4e3a\u4e86\u51fb\u6bd9\u6216\u6293\u83b7\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u800c\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5df2\u7ecf\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5b83\u5df2\u9002\u5e94\u4e86\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u5f62\u52bf\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5df4\u57fa\u65af\u5766\u7684\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6838\u5fc3\u673a\u6784\u7684\u524a\u5f31\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5176\u9644\u5c5e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u9f13\u52a8\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u63d0\u9ad8\u5176\u6218\u6597\u6027\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

        \u65e0\u8bba\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u6f5c\u5728\u4e0d\u5229\u540e\u679c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u5bf9\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5934\u76ee\u53d1\u8d77\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u5c06\u51fb\u6bd9\u672c\u00b7\u62c9\u767b\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u57fa\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u672c\u8eab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6210\u529f\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ec5\u9760\u65a9\u9996\u884c\u52a8\u6700\u7ec8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u6253\u51fb\u4e00\u4e2a\u5175\u5f3a\u9a6c\u58ee\u800c\u4e14\u8086\u65e0\u5fcc\u60ee\u7684\u6050\u6016\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/p>\n

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