{"id":15485,"date":"2020-01-14T14:33:50","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T15:05:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/2020\/01\/14\/8c7f2ed932\/"},"modified":"2020-01-14T23:06:55","modified_gmt":"2020-01-14T15:06:55","slug":"8c7f2ed932","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/2020\/01\/14\/8c7f2ed932\/","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u8de8\u5b66\u79d1\u501f\u9274\u3011\u65bd\u97e6\u52d2\uff1a\u201c\u71b5\u201d\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u8f68\u8ff9\uff1a\u4e3a\u4f55\u6781\u4e0d\u518d\u90a3\u4e48\u6709\u610f\u4e49 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba \u7b2c313\u671f"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u3011<\/span><\/strong>\u5170\u5fb7\u5c14\u00b7\u65bd\u97e6\u52d2 \uff08Randall Schweller\uff09\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fc4\u4ea5\u4fc4\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u65b0\u53e4\u5178\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u3010\u6821\u5bf9\u3011<\/strong>\u5f90\u579a\u665f<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5ba1\u6838<\/span><\/strong>\u3011<\/span><\/strong>\u91d1\u78ca<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u3010<\/span><\/strong>\u6765\u6e90<\/span><\/strong>\u3011<\/span><\/strong>Schweller, R. (2010). Entropy and the Trajectory of World Politics: Why Polarity Has Become Less Meaningful. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 23<\/em>(1), 145-163.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u300a\u5251\u6865\u56fd\u9645\u4e8b\u52a1\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\uff08Cambridge Review of International Affairs<\/em>\uff09\u4e8e1985\u5e74\u521b\u7acb\uff0c\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u540c\u884c\u8bc4\u5ba1\u5b66\u672f\u671f\u520a\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b63\u520a\u5f62\u5f0f\u53d1\u884c\u3002\u7531\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08\u73b0\u96b6\u5c5e\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u9662\uff09\u7f16\u8f91\uff0cRoutledge\u7ec4\u7ec7\u51fa\u7248\u30022018\u5e74\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u5b50\u4e3a0.656\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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Entropy and the trajectory of world politics: why polarity has become less meaningful<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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Randall Schweller<\/p>\n


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     \u5f53<\/span>\u4eca\u5355\u6781\u4e16\u754c\u7684<\/span>\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u71b5\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bf4\u6cd5\u51fa\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff1a<\/span>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u5b9e\u529b\u4f18\u52bf\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u50cf\u4ee5\u524d\u4e00\u6837\u80fd\u591f\u88ab\u8f7b\u6613\u5730\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002<\/span>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ea6\u675f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u53d8\u7279\u5b9a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4e0e\u6536\u76ca\u8fdb\u800c\u9650\u5236\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c5e\u6027\u3002<\/span>\u4f46\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u591a\u6781\u548c\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5bf9\u5355\u6781\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6240\u6709\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u65bd\u52a0\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u5f31\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ea6\u675f\uff08\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ea6\u675f\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u8bdd\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6781(polarity)\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6beb\u65e0\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/span>\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u4f53\u7cfb\u8fdb\u7a0b\u800c\u975e\u7ed3\u6784\u6700\u80fd\u591f\u89e3\u91ca\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5c31\u662f\u71b5\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002<\/span>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ece\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5747\u52bf\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4e24\u79cd\u9014\u5f84\uff1a<\/span>\u4e00\u6761\u662f\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u5747\u52bf\u8def\u5f84\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u9700\u8981\u67d0\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff1b<\/span>\u53e6\u4e00\u6761\u5219\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u71b5\u6062\u590d\u5747\u52bf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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      \u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u603b\u80fd\u91cf\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u5f7c\u6b64\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u7ec4\u6210\uff1a\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff08\u6709\u7528\u80fd\uff09\u548c\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\uff08\u65e0\u7528\u80fd\uff09\u3002\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e2d\u4ee5\u201c\u71b5\u201d\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u72b6\u6001<\/strong>\uff0c\u5b83\u63a7\u5236\u7740\u5b87\u5b99\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7269\u7406\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5728\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5185\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ece\u6709\u5e8f\u5411\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u81ea\u53d1\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u71b5\u201d\u603b\u662f\u8d8b\u4e8e\u589e\u52a0\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u3002<\/strong>\u71b5\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5c01\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u8d70\u5411\u80fd\u91cf\u7684\u65e0\u5e8f\u4e0e\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5ea6\u91cf\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e22\u5931\u91cf\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u71b5\u201d\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4e86\u56de\u5934\u8def\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u72b6\u6001\u5c06\u6c38\u8fdc\u4e0d\u53ef\u6062\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u5b9a\u71b5\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u9996\u5148\u56de\u7b54\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u80fd\u5426\u5c06\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u4f53\u7cfb\uff1f<\/strong>\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ece\u81f3\u5c11\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u786e\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/strong>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u5927\u56fd\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u5de8\u5927\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/strong>\u53ea\u6709\u5f88\u5c11\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u66fe\u6210\u4e3a\u6216\u5e0c\u671b\u6210\u4e3a\u5927\u56fd\u3002\u6781\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5be1\u5934\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u5219\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u9738\u6743\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5c11\u6570\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u626e\u6f14\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u6709\u9650\u4f46\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f8\u5bf9\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u5426\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/strong>\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e3a\u5bbd\u6cdb\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u5df2\u7ecf\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u7403\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u7f6e\u8eab\u4e8e\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u662f\u666e\u904d\u9002\u7528\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u73b0\u5728\u5e94\u8be5\u7528\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u71b5\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u5462\uff1f\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9\u6b64\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8bd5\u56fe\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8be5\u5b9a\u5f8b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5c01\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u800c\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u5728\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u624d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u5982\u679c\u71b5\u7684\u786e\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u53c8\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u71b5\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7a76\u7adf\u80fd\u591f\u8861\u91cf\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/strong>\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u71b5\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u8861\u91cf\u4e86\u4f53\u7cfb\u5bf9\u5355\u5143\u7ea6\u675f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/strong>\u968f\u7740\u71b5\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ea6\u675f\u51cf\u5f31\u3002<\/strong>\u5f53\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ea6\u675f\u8f83\u5f3a\u65f6\uff0c\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c06\u4ee5\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c\uff1b<\/strong>\u5f53\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ea6\u675f\u8f83\u5f31\u65f6\uff0c\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c06\u4ee5\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/strong>\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u71b5\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001(macrostate)\u4f1a\u7531\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5f62\u6001\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4fbf\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u5c06\u4f1a\u5c55\u73b0\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u5f62\u6001\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n


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\u4e8c<\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span>\u3001<\/span><\/strong>\u71b5\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u7ed3\u6784<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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      \u4e0e\u71b5\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u65e2\u65e0\u6cd5\u9650\u5236\u5355\u6781\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u5168\u51b3\u5b9a\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/strong>\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u5c11\u7684\u7c98\u5408\u529b\u5c06\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u51dd\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5728\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b9e\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46\u6743\u529b\u548c\u5a01\u80c1\u5374\u6d41\u6563\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u5168\u7403\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u653f\u6cbb\u53ea\u5bf9\u5355\u6781\u56fd\u5bb6\u624d\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c<\/strong>\u5728\u591a\u6781\u548c\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\uff08\u6781\uff09\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u7edf\u6cbb\u5be1\u5934\uff0c\u4ee5\u9ad8\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e92\u52a8\u3002<\/strong>\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u4e3a\u548c\u4f53\u7cfb\u52a8\u529b\u5f97\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u5e76\u652f\u914d\u7740\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u8fd0\u8f6c\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u59cb\u4e8e\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c01\u95ed\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5947\u602a\u7684\u3001\u53ea\u671d\u7740\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u6f14\u53d8\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u9010\u6e10\u6d6e\u73b0\uff1a\uff08\u4f53\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\uff09\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4ece\u591a\u6781\u5230\u4e24\u6781\u518d\u5230\u5355\u6781\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u3002<\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u9006\u8f6c\u8fd8\u6709\u5f85\u89c2\u5bdf\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7b26\u5408\u71b5\u5417\uff1f\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u6743\u529b\u6269\u6563\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u65f6\uff0c\uff08\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\uff09\u5c06\u4f1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u6700\u5927\u71b5\uff08\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u5747\u52bf\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u6709\u52a8\u529b\u6446\u8131\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/strong>\u5f53\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u4e3b\u8981\u5355\u5143\uff08\u6781\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u76f8\u7b49\u65f6\uff0c\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c06\u4f1a\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u5e38\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u591a\u6781\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c<\/strong>\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e4b\u524d\u4ece\u672a\u6709\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f46\u81ea18\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u9884\u6d4b\u5230\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u4e09\u3001<\/span>\u71b5\u4e0e\u4f53\u7cfb\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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      \u5728\u672c\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u56de\u987e\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\u7406\u8bba(information entropy)\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u81f3\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

     \u7f8e\u56fd\u6570\u5b66\u5bb6\u9999\u519c(C. E. Shannon)\u7684\u300a\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u300b(Mathematical Theory of Communication)\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u4fe1\u606f\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\u4e0e\u8d28\u91cf\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4e4b\u4f5c\u3002\u5b83\u4f7f\u7528\u6982\u7387\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8ba1\u7b97\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u6e90(information source)\u4f20\u8f93\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u4fe1\u6e90\u671f\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u5197\u4f59\u3002\u71b5\u5ea6\u91cf\u4e86\u6d88\u606f\u4e2d\u6240\u542b\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\u3002<\/strong>\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\u5c31\u662f\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u9000\u5316\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e22\u5931\u3002<\/strong>\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u667a\u6167\u5e76\u975e\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\uff0c\u800c\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u83b7\u53d6\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0e\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d1f\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u6e90\u4e8e\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a<\/strong>\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u88ab\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4fe1\u53f7(signal)\u4e0e\u566a\u58f0(noise)\u3002<\/strong>\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5145\u5206\u5730\u5904\u7406\u6240\u6709\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u4fe1\u606f\u5206\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7531\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u8bb0\u5fc6\u662f\u6709\u9650\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u653e\u5f03\u6389\u8bb8\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\u5462\uff1f\u53d7\u5230\u4fe1\u606f\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41(global information flows)\u7684\u620f\u5267\u6027\u589e\u957f\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4ea7\u751f\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6027\u8ba4\u77e5\u3001\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u6027\u4e0e\u5171\u6709\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u51cf\u5f31\u4e86\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u6027\u3001\u5171\u6709\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0e\u534f\u8c03\u5404\u79cd\u4e16\u754c\u89c2\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/strong>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cFarhad Manjoo\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5982\u4eca\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u7a7a\u95f4(infosphere)\u4e2d\uff0c\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e0d\u518d\u57fa\u4e8e\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u201c\u8db3\u591f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u201d\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u770b\u4f3c\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u592a\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u770b\u4f3c\u53ef\u4fe1\uff0c\u5374\u5177\u6709\u8bef\u5bfc\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u5168\u7403\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u8fc7\u91cf\u4e0e\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u788e\u7247\u5316\u3002<\/strong>\u4fe1\u606f\u7a7a\u95f4\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d9\u4e8b\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u53d9\u4e8b\u7684\u8131\u8282\u3002\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4eba\u4eec\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u7531\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e16\u754c\u6240\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u683c\u5c40\uff0c\u8eab\u5904\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6784\u5efa\u81ea\u5df1\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u6027\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u56db\u3001\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\uff1a<\/strong>\u4e24\u79cd\u9014\u5f84<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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      \u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c06\u600e\u4e48\u7ed3\u675f\uff1f\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ece\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u5230\u5747\u52bf\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u8ffd\u6c42\u5927\u56fd\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u7834\u574f\u5f53\u4eca\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u81ea\u53d1\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5747\u52bf\u6e90\u4e8e\u8ffd\u6c42\u8d22\u5bcc\u800c\u975e\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u7684\u589e\u957f\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5236\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/strong>\u524d\u8005<\/strong>\u5047\u5b9a\u5747\u52bf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5c06\u4f1a\u91cd\u6f14\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0e\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u5747\u52bf\u8def\u5f84\u57fa\u672c\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u67d0\u79cd\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u3002\u540e\u8005<\/strong>\u5219\u5047\u5b9a\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u71b5\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u5747\u52bf\u5c06\u5728\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u6700\u5927\u71b5(maximum entropy)\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5f97\u4ee5\u6062\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

\u6062\u590d\u5747\u52bf\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u9014\u5f84<\/strong><\/p>\n


\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u5728\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\uff0c\u5747\u8861\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7ef4\u6301\u73b0\u72b6\u3002<\/strong>\u4efb\u4f55\u8bd5\u56fe\u6062\u590d\u5747\u52bf\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u8054\u76df\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\u90fd\u662f\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a8\u7ffb\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u9738\u6743\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u5e76\u6062\u590d\u5747\u52bf\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u5728\u4e8e\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u8fd9\u5c06\u4f1a\u63a8\u52a8\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u6784\u4ece\u5355\u6781\u5230\u4e24\u6781\u6216\u591a\u6781\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002<\/strong>\u7531\u4e8e\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u7684\u5747\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u4e49\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4efb\u4f55\u8bd5\u56fe\u6062\u590d\u5747\u52bf\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u4f1a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4fb5\u7565\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0a(ideational)\u7684\u963b\u788d\u4ee5\u53ca\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5dee\u8ddd\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5236\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/strong>\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u7684\u5747\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u4e2a\u53bb\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/strong>\u5404\u56fd\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u76ee\u7779\u7f8e\u56fd\u9738\u6743\u7684\u65e0\u80fd\u4e0e\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u5e76\u575a\u4fe1\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u6253\u7834\u5176\u7edf\u6cbb\u3002\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5e76\u975e\u51ed\u7a7a\u800c\u6765\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u5c06\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u9738\u6743\u672a\u6765\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u4e0e\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u4e3a\u5c55\u73b0\u652f\u914d(domination)\u4e0e\u62b5\u6297(resistance)\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6848\u4f8b\u3002<\/strong>\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c1a\u672a\u663e\u73b0\u51fa\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5b9e\u529b\u5206\u6563\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b21\u7b49\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u5907\u5236\u8861\u5355\u6781\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b9e\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u5b8c\u5168\u670d\u4ece\u9738\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u628a\u62b5\u6297\u4ed8\u8bf8\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u62b5\u6297\u4e0e\u7edf\u6cbb\u603b\u662f\u5171\u5b58\u7684\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

     \u53bb\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u9636\u6bb5\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u79cd\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a<\/strong>\u8bdd\u8bed(discourse)\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5(practice)\u3002<\/strong>\u60f3\u6cd5\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u5a01\u53bb\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u6b21\u7b49\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u3001\u60f3\u6cd5\u9884\u793a\u7740\u5bf9\u65e2\u6709\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u63d0\u51fa\u5173\u4e8e\u5168\u7403\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4ee5\u5916\uff08\u62b5\u6297\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\uff09\uff0c\u6b21\u7b49\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u6210\u672c\u5f3a\u52a0\u201d(cost-imposing)\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff08\u62b5\u6297\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u867d\u7136\u76ee\u524d\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8fdb\u5165\u5230\u5168\u9762\u7684\u53bb\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u624d\u80fd\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u786e\u6709\u8bc1\u636e\u8868\u660e\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5206\u6563\u548c\u5bf9\u73b0\u6709\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u65b0\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/strong>\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\u6218\u4e89\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u5e94\u5bf9\u6b21\u8d37\u548c\u4fe1\u8d37\u5371\u673a\u800c\u51fa\u53f0\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u6551\u52a9\u4e0e\u523a\u6fc0\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u60ca\u4eba\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u91cd\u521b\u4e86\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u83b7\u5f97\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u6536\u76ca\u5927\u5f00\u65b9\u4fbf\u4e4b\u95e8\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u7531\u71b5\u800c\u6765\u7684\u5747\u52bf\uff1a<\/strong>\u5e76\u975e\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u591a\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb<\/strong><\/p>\n


\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

      1815\u5e74-1853\u5e74\u6b27\u6d32\u5927\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u6b27\u6d32\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u591a\u6781\u5747\u52bf\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u8be5\u4f53\u7cfb\u6e90\u4e8e\u5927\u6218\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u632b\u8d25\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u8ffd\u6c42\u9738\u6743\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5236\u8861\u884c\u4e3a\u660e\u663e\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u91cd\u5efa\u4f53\u7cfb\u5747\u52bf\u5462\uff1f<\/strong>\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u5728\u4e8e\u5404\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u8ffd\u6c42\u8d22\u5bcc\uff08\u800c\u975e\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u6216\u5bf9\u4ed6\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff09\u7684\u4e0d\u5747\u8861\u7684\u589e\u957f\u901f\u7387\u4f1a\u5728\u51e0\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u9020\u5c31\u80fd\u529b\u4e0a\u7684\u5927\u81f4\u5747\u8861<\/strong>\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d7\u5230\u4ed6\u56fd\u7684\u660e\u663e\u5a01\u80c1\u6216\u4ee5\u5bf9\u65b9\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u4ee3\u4ef7\u5bfb\u6c42\u76f8\u5bf9\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u4e3b\u8981\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u90fd\u662f\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u5229\u5df1\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u76f8\u4e92\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u76f8\u4e92\u7ade\u4e89\u6216\u5f7c\u6b64\u6218\u7565\u6027\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u4ece\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u6210\u4e3a\u6b63\u548c\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u5747\u52bf\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u613f\u610f\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u5e15\u7d2f\u6258\u6700\u4f18\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/strong>\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u5747\u52bf\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6700\u5927\u71b5\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

     \u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u9884\u6599\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u6b66\u529b\u6269\u5f20\u5df2\u4e0d\u590d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5f53\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u96be\u4ee5\u7206\u53d1\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\uff0c\u201c\u6781\u201d\u5c06\u96be\u4ee5\u53d1\u6325\u5747\u52bf\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u9884\u8a00\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/strong>\u6218\u4e89\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u5df2\u4e0d\u518d\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c06\u4f1a\u7ecf\u5386\u71b5\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u5f53\u4eca\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u5728\u671d\u7740\u66f4\u5927\u71b5\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u524d\u8fdb\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u4e16\u754c\u53ef\u80fd\u6b63\u5728\u8fbe\u5230\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u7ec8\u70b9\u3002<\/strong>\u8fd9\u79cd\u5386\u53f2\u89c2\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u76f8\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u7f57\u65af\u514b\u5170\u65af\u7684\u201c\u8d38\u6613\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u201d\u3001\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u798f\u5c71\u7684\u201c\u5386\u53f2\u7ec8\u7ed3\u8bba\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u4f0a\u80af\u4f2f\u91cc\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u5baa\u653f\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u67d0\u4e9b\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u4e5f\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u627f\u8ba4\u4e16\u754c\u5df2\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u74e6\u89e3\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e5f\u5f88\u96be\u91cd\u56de\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u6770\u7ef4\u65af\u3001\u6c5f\u5fc6\u6069\u3001\u6cd5\u91cc\u5fb7\u00b7\u624e\u5361\u91cc\u4e9a\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u7684\u591a\u6781\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u5c06\u4e0e\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u591a\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u5448\u73b0\u51fa\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u6781\uff0c\u5373\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5728\u51b3\u5b9a\u5927\u56fd\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0a\u4e0d\u518d\u50cf\u4ee5\u524d\u90a3\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/strong>\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u4f53\u7cfb\u8fdb\u7a0b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u6b63\u5728\u9a71\u52a8\u7740\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u3002<\/strong>\u4fe1\u606f\u71b5\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u7a7a\u95f4\u53ca\u5176\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u201c\u540e\u4e8b\u5b9e\u201d\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\u5c06\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u66b4\u529b\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e00\u4e2a\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u51b7\u6f20\u4e0e\u9ebb\u6728\u7684\u66f4\u52a0\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u3002<\/strong>\u7f8e\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\uff0c\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u4fe1\u606f\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e0d\u4ec5\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4ece\u6d69\u5982\u70df\u6d77\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7(signal)\u4e2d\u6316\u6398\u771f\u4e49\u548c\u771f\u76f8\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\uff08\u8054\u7cfb\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u6df7\u4e71\u8d8a\u591a\uff0c\u71b5\u8d8a\u5927\uff09\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8d44\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u4eec\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u71b5\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4f3c\u4e4e\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5373\u7531\u4e8e\u71b5\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u6b63\u5728\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u52a0\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u66f4\u52a0\u65e0\u5e8f\u3002<\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e00\u903b\u8f91\u5c06\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u65e0\u5e8f\u3001\u65e0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6027\u4e0e\u968f\u673a\u6027\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\uff1b\u5c06\u6218\u4e89\u4e0e\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u6027\u3001\u6709\u5e8f\u3001\u6709\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6027\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8054\u7cfb\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u201c\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u65e0\u5e8f\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u672f\u8bed\u5177\u6709\u4e3b\u89c2\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0e\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u4f46\u4f5c\u8005\u4ece\u71b5\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5236\u5ea6\u8c61\u5f81\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u662f\u6700\u5927\u71b5\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001(macrostate)\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u79e9\u5e8f\u201d\u662f\u6307\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u7279\u5b9a\u5f62\u6001\u6216\u7279\u5b9a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff09\u7684\u6700\u591a\u4fe1\u606f\uff08\u6216\u6700\u5c11\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e22\u5931\uff09\u3002<\/strong>\u6108\u53d1\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u4f1a\u4ece\u4fe1\u606f\u8f83\u5c11\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u4fe1\u606f\u8f83\u591a\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/strong>\u6613\u4e8e\u7206\u53d1\u6218\u4e89\uff08\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5927\u56fd\u95f4\u6218\u4e89\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u7279\u5f81\u548c\u56fd\u5185\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/strong>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u519b\u5907\u3001\u7ed3\u76df\u4e0e\u66f4\u52a0\u8fdb\u53d6\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\uff1b\u4f53\u7cfb\u5219\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6781\u5316\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u5f3a\u3002\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0e\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4e14\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u6216\u7279\u5b9a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff09\u3002<\/strong>\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u548c\u5e73\u5219\u5177\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u7279\u5b9a\u5f62\u6001\u6216\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/strong>\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6027\u3001\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u4e0e\u65e0\u5e8f\u662f\u6307\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u4e0e\u8be5\u72b6\u6001\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u96be\u4ee5\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b8f\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u548c\u5e73\uff09\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/strong>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece\u6218\u4e89\u5230\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u8f6c\u53d8\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u71b5\uff0c\u5373\u589e\u52a0\u4fe1\u606f\u7684\u4e22\u5931\u3002<\/strong>\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u548c\u5e73\u6bd4\u6218\u4e89\u66f4\u52a0\u65e0\u5e8f\u3001\u66f4\u96be\u4ee5\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u7531\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u6c38\u4e45\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u71b5\u4f1a\u5728\u4f53\u7cfb\u5c42\u9762\u9020\u6210\u6df7\u4e71\u4e0e\u65e0\u5e8f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u4e00\u770b\u6cd5\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u56fd\u5185\u5c42\u9762\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n


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