{"id":15338,"date":"2020-01-03T03:27:15","date_gmt":"2020-01-03T14:17:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/2020\/01\/03\/ceb4fa3aa9\/"},"modified":"2020-01-03T22:18:01","modified_gmt":"2020-01-03T14:18:01","slug":"ceb4fa3aa9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/2020\/01\/03\/ceb4fa3aa9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u6768\u539f\uff1a\u200b\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u559c\u5267 \u2014\u2014\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ed3\u76df\u4e4b\u8c1c"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u6768\u539f\uff1a\u200b\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u559c\u5267<\/p>\n

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\u7b80  \u4ecb<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u3010\u4f5c\u8005<\/strong>\u3011<\/span>\u6768\u539f\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u526f\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010<\/span>\u6765\u6e90<\/strong>\u3011<\/span>\u6768\u539f\uff1a\u300a\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u559c\u5267\u2014\u2014\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ed3\u76df\u4e4b\u8c1c\u300b\uff0c<\/strong>\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u300b<\/span>2019<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c<\/span>12<\/span>\u671f<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010<\/span>\u81f4\u8c22<\/strong>\u3011<\/span>\u4f5c\u8005\u611f\u8c22\u9648\u5bd2\u6eaa\u3001\u9648\u7389\u8043\u3001\u51af\u7ef4\u6c5f\u3001\u8d3a\u51ef\u3001\u674e\u96bd\u9633\u3001\u674e\u5dcd\u3001\u5218\u73ae\u3001\u82d7\u4e2d\u6cc9\u3001\u84b2\u6653\u5b87\u3001\u6f06\u6d77\u971e\u3001\u9f50\u7693\u3001\u5b59\u5b66\u5cf0\u3001\u5510\u4e16\u5e73\u3001\u5f90\u8fdb\u3001\u960e\u5b66\u901a\u3001\u5468\u65b9\u94f6\u3001\u5468\u5efa\u4ec1\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u548c\u5e2e\u52a9\u53ca\u533f\u540d\u8bc4\u5ba1\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u6587\u8d23\u81ea\u8d1f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u7f16\u8f91<\/strong>\u3011<\/span>\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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 <\/strong>\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5b9e\u529b\u6700\u5f3a\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u6613\u51fa\u73b0\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e00\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u4f1a\u6301\u7eed\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u6240\u6709\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u4e43\u81f3\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4e3b\u6d41\u56fd\u9645\u5b89\u5168\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u7136\u800c\u5728\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u90a6\u65f6\u671f\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6625\u79cb\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5374\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u4e24<\/span>\u201c\u6781<\/span>\u201d\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ed3\u76df\u8fd9\u79cd\u6700\u9ad8\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u8054\u76df\u5f62\u6210\u7406\u8bba\u5747\u96be\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u79cd<\/span>\u201c\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cd\u5e38\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5927\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u7684<\/span>\u201c\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d\u6096\u8bba\u548c\u5e7f\u4e49<\/span>\u201c\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b64\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u5927\u56fd\u4ece\u51b2\u7a81\u5230\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u673a\u5236\u3002\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u5927\u56fd\u4e3a\u7ade\u4e89\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5c0f\u56fd\u7275\u8fde\u800c\u9677\u5165\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u51b2\u7a81\u9677\u5165\u4e86<\/span>\u201c\u6d88\u8017\u6218<\/span>\u201d\u5e76\u5f62\u6210\u50f5\u5c40\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u5bf9\u6297\u5c31\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5171\u540c\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6b64\u65f6\u5927\u56fd\u56e0\u5c0f\u56fd\u800c\u518d\u6b21\u9677\u5165\u53cc\u8f93\u6027\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u4f9d\u7136\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ee5\u7ed3\u76df\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5411\u5c0f\u56fd\u91ca\u653e\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u65e0\u610f\u56e0\u5c0f\u56fd\u800c\u7ee7\u7eed\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u4ece\u800c\u89c4\u907f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u5747\u8861\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/span>\u201c\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u62d3\u5c55\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u8054\u76df\u8d77\u6e90\u3001\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u6027\u8d28\u3001\u5927\u56fd\u6743\u529b\u7ade\u4e89\u7b49\u91cd\u8981\u7406\u8bba\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7f8e\u51b2\u7a81\u7ba1\u63a7\u524d\u666f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u601d\u8003\u89c6\u89d2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u3011<\/span><\/strong>\u5927\u56fd\u6743\u529b\u7ade\u4e89\uff1b\u53e4\u4ee3\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u8054\u76df\u7406\u8bba\uff1b\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\uff1b\u4fee\u6614\u5e95\u5fb7\u9677\u9631<\/span><\/p>\n

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<\/p>\n

\"\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u6768\u539f\uff1a\u200b\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u559c\u5267\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

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\u6b63 \u6587<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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1<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u63d0\u51fa<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\u672c\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u6fc0\u70c8\u6743\u529b\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0e\u5bf9\u65b9\u7ed3\u76df\uff1f<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u90a6\u65f6\u671f\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6625\u79cb\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u90fd\u66fe\u51fa\u73b0\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6574\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c<\/span>[1]\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u66fe\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e24<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6781<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>poles<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e00\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u4e3a\u671f\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u963f\u5947\u8fbe\u59c6\u65af\u6218\u4e89\uff08<\/span>Archidamian War<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u5c3c\u57fa\u963f\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\uff08<\/span>The Peace of Nicias<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u76df\u6761\u7ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span>[2]\u76df\u7ea6\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6709\u654c\u4eba\u4fb5\u72af\u4e24\u56fd\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u56fd\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u56fd\u5e94<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ee5\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u63f4\u52a9\u5bf9\u65b9\u3002<\/span><\/span>[3]\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>579<\/span>\u5e74\u548c<\/span>546<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86<\/span>80<\/span>\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\u548c\u591a\u6b21\u6218\u4e89\u540e\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u4e24\u6b21\u53ec\u5f00<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f2d\u5175\u4e4b\u4f1a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u82e5\u6709\u5bb3\u695a\uff0c\u5219\u664b\u4f10\u4e4b\uff1b\u5728\u664b\uff0c\u695a\u4ea6\u5982\u4e4b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4e92\u52a9\u6027\u76df\u7ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u664b\u56fd\u7684\u5c5e\u56fd\u987b\u5411\u695a\u56fd\u671d\u89d0\uff0c\u695a\u56fd\u7684\u5c5e\u56fd\u4e5f\u987b\u5411\u664b\u56fd\u671d\u89d0<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u664b\u695a\u5171\u6cbb\u539f\u5219\u3002<\/span><\/span>[4]<\/section>\n
\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u754c\u5bf9\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u540c\u76df\uff08<\/span>alliance<\/span>\uff09\u6709\u8f83\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5373<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e00\u65b9\u8d1f\u6709\u4e3a\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u63d0\u4f9b\u519b\u4e8b\u652f\u6301\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u53cc\u8fb9\u6216\u591a\u8fb9\u5408\u4f5c\u5b89\u6392<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>[5]\u6839\u636e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u90fd\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u7ed3\u76df\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4e0d\u59a8\u5c06\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u7b80\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\uff08\u4e00\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u4e09\u70b9\u8bf4\u660e<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
1. <\/span>\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7406\u8bba\uff08<\/span>general theory<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u8bae\u9898\u5bfc\u5411\u578b\u56f0\u60d1\uff08<\/span>issue-oriented puzzles<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u6848\u4f8b\u5bfc\u5411\u578b\u89e3\u91ca\uff08<\/span>case-oriented explanations<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u5236\u5b9a\uff08<\/span>policy making<\/span>\uff09\u56db\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/span><\/span>[6]\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5927\u81f4\u4ecb\u4e8e\u8bae\u9898\u5bfc\u5411\u578b\u56f0\u60d1\u548c\u6848\u4f8b\u5bfc\u5411\u578b\u89e3\u91ca\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u98a0\u8986\u548c\u66ff\u6362\u5173\u4e8e\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u5927\u56fd\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u73b0\u6709\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8c0b\u6c42\u6784\u5efa\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u800c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u4e24\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u504f\u79bb\u4e3b\u6d41\u7406\u8bba\u9884\u671f\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u6848\u4f8b\u505a\u51fa\u7406\u8bba\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5bf9\u73b0\u6709\u4e3b\u6d41\u7406\u8bba\u6240\u5ffd\u7565\u6216\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u505a\u51fa\u8865\u5145\uff0c\u4ee5\u62d3\u5c55\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u73b0\u8c61\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdd\u80cc\u5e38\u7406\u7684\u7f55\u89c1\u73b0\u8c61\u505a\u51fa\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u548c\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>[7]\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u5bf9\u8c61\u672c\u8eab\u5f88\u7279\u6b8a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u89e3\u91ca\u8be5\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4e5f\u5fc5\u7136\u5f88\u7279\u6b8a\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u5728\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5b9a\u82e5\u5e72\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
2. <\/span>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7814\u7a76\u95ee\u9898\u9650\u5b9a\u5728\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0b\uff1f<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u624d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u591a\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e00\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u53cc\u8fb9\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u662f\u5236\u8861\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5236\u8861\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[8]\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u56f0\u60d1\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c<\/span>[9]\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6781<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u540c\u65f6\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u624d\u503c\u5f97\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u9650\u5b9a\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0b\u66f4\u5177\u653f\u7b56\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u3002\u81ea<\/span>2008<\/span>\u5e74\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u5c06\u4e2d\u56fd\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u6216\u8005\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u9664\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[10]\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u751a\u81f3\u5305\u62ec\u4e00\u4e9b\u957f\u671f\u575a\u6301\u7f8e\u56fd\u5355\u6781\u4f18\u52bf\u8bba\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u3002<\/span>[11]\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u91cd\u56de\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u60b2\u89c2\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u575a\u6301\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e2d\u7f8e\u51b2\u7a81\u751a\u81f3\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/span>[12]\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u63d0\u793a\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u907f\u514d\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u9ad8\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
3. \u201c<\/span>\u5927\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5927\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u80fd\u591f\u6784\u6210\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e00\u6781\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6b21\u7b49\u5927\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>second-ranking great powers<\/span>\uff09\u4e24\u7c7b\u3002<\/span><\/span>[13]\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5927\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4f5c\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5c06\u5176\u4ec5\u6307\u4ee3\u90a3\u4e9b\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e00\u6781\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002<\/span><\/span>[14]\u4e3a\u7b80\u4fbf\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u91c7\u7528\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0d\u52a0\u533a\u5206\u5730\u6df7\u7528<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5927\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e00\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6307\u4ee3\u540c\u4e00\u7c7b\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u9664\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5927\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u56fd\u5bb6\u89c4\u6a21\u548c\u5b9e\u529b\u4ecd\u5b58\u5728\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u5747\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5c0f\u56fd<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u73b0\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u89e3\u5f00\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u8c1c\u56e2\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5927\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u548c\u5e7f\u4e49<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u524d\u8005\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u539f\u672c\u662f\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u652f\u914d\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u53ef\u6070\u6070\u56e0\u4e3a\u5927\u56fd\u60f3\u8ffd\u6c42\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u53d8\u6210\u88ab\u652f\u914d\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u53d7\u5c0f\u56fd\u5f3a\u52a0\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u540e\u8005\u662f\u5bf9\u72ed\u4e49<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u63a8\u5e7f\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u6db5\u662f\uff1a\u5927\u56fd\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u53cc\u8f93\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u53cc\u8f93\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u5c31\u8d8a\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u964d\u4f4e\u5927\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5927\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\u8d70\u5411\u7f13\u548c\u3002\u672c\u6587\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6096\u8bba\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u5927\u56fd\u4ece\u51b2\u7a81\u5230\u7f13\u548c\u3001\u4ece\u7f13\u548c\u5230\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u673a\u5236\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e3a\u5c0f\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u53c8\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u5c0f\u56fd\u5bf9\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u589e\u5927\uff0c\u5c0f\u56fd\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u5927\u56fd\u62d6\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u9677\u5165\u50f5\u5c40\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u5747\u6d88\u8017\u5de8\u5927\u4e14\u90fd\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u83b7\u80dc\u7684\u524d\u666f\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u5bf9\u505c\u6b62\u6218\u4e89\u3001\u6062\u590d\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6548\u7528\u5c31\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u3002\u518d\u6b21\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u505c\u6218\u540e\u5c0f\u56fd\u5c06\u5927\u56fd\u62d6\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u4f9d\u7136\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4ee5\u7ed3\u76df\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u5411\u5c0f\u56fd\u91ca\u653e\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u65e0\u610f\u56e0\u5c0f\u56fd\u800c\u7ee7\u7eed\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u4ece\u800c\u89c4\u907f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u5747\u8861\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u9700\u8981\u4e24\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u5bf9\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6548\u7528\u8db3\u591f\u9ad8\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u5c0f\u56fd\u5c06\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u62d6\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u8db3\u591f\u5927\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e3a\u68c0\u9a8c\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8fd0\u7528\u5b9a\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u6c42\u540c\u6cd5\uff08<\/span>the method of agreement<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u96c5\u5178\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u3001\u664b\u4e0e\u695a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u6848\u4f8b\u8fdb\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8ffd\u8e2a\uff08<\/span>process tracing<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u664b\u695a\u540c\u76df\u548c\u96c5\u5178\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u76f8\u8ddd<\/span>150<\/span>\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u5730\u7406\u76f8\u9694\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u4e9a\u5927\u9646\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u5730\u7406\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u6587\u5316\u7b49\u8bf8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u5747\u5b58\u5728\u663e\u8457\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4ece<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c42\u540c\u6cd5<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u80cc\u666f\u5dee\u5f02\u6781\u5927\u4f46\u5374\u51fa\u73b0\u76f8\u540c\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u80fd\u591f\u53d1\u73b0\u76f8\u540c\u6216\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\u548c\u673a\u5236\u5c06\u5177\u6709\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u672c\u6587\u7ed3\u6784\u5b89\u6392\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u7b80\u8981\u56de\u987e\u73b0\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u4ee5\u7a81\u663e\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u53cd\u5e38\u6027\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u4e2a\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\u5206\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6096\u8bba\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u673a\u5236\u3002\u7b2c\u4e94\u3001\u516d\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u8003\u5bdf\u96c5\u5178\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u540c\u76df\u548c\u664b\u695a\u540c\u76df\u7684\u7f14\u7ed3\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u68c0\u9a8c\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u5f62\u6210\u673a\u5236\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u3002\u7ed3\u8bba\u90e8\u5206\u5c06\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u5bf9\u8054\u76df\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u5927\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u3001\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5173\u7cfb\u524d\u666f\u7b49\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u653f\u7b56\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
\n
\n

<\/section>\n
\n
2<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u56f0\u60d1<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u601d\u8bae\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u8d39\u89e3\u7684\uff0c\u6bd5\u7adf\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u60f3\u8c61\u51b7\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u4f1a\u7b7e\u8ba2\u519b\u4e8b\u4e92\u52a9\u6761\u7ea6\u3002\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u8bdd\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u5b9e\u529b\u6700\u5f3a\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u5bf9\u6297\u3002<\/span>[15]\u6743\u529b\u8f6c\u79fb\u7406\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c<\/span>\u5f53\u5d1b\u8d77\u56fd\u5bf9\u73b0\u72b6\u4e0d\u6ee1\u4e14\u4e0e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u56fd\u5b9e\u529b\u6301\u5e73\u65f6\uff0c<\/span>\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u51e0\u4e4e\u96be\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u3002<\/span>[16]\u9738\u6743\u7a33\u5b9a\u8bba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u53d1\u52a8\u548c\u8d62\u5f97\u9738\u6743\u6218\u4e89\u662f\u5927\u56fd\u83b7\u53d6\u9738\u6743\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span>[17]\u8fdb\u653b\u6027\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u66f4\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u6269\u5f20\u662f\u6240\u6709\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u6ce8\u5b9a\u662f\u4e00\u573a\u60b2\u5267\u3002<\/span>[18]\u6982\u62ec\u8fd9\u4e00\u60b2\u5267\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u672f\u8bed\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4fee\u6614\u5e95\u5fb7\u9677\u9631<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f53\u5d1b\u8d77\u56fd\u6311\u6218\u7edf\u6cbb\u56fd\u65f6<\/span>\u2026\u2026<\/span>\u5371\u9669\u5c31\u5c06\u964d\u4e34\u3002\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8fd9\u7c7b\u6311\u6218\u90fd\u4ee5\u60b2\u5267\u6536\u573a\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[19]<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u9635\u8425\u4e2d\u5bf9\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u5927\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e50\u89c2\u7684\u65b0\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u53d1\u751f\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8f83\u4f4e\uff1b<\/span>[20]\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6781<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u786e\u5730\u5c06\u5bf9\u65b9\u89c6\u4e3a\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u8457\u7279\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\u7d27\u5f20\u538b\u529b\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u5371\u673a\u7684\u53cd\u590d\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span>[21]\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u6216\u8bb8\u7b26\u5408\u7f8e\u82cf\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u5c5e\u6027\u5c31\u662f\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u95f4\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5bf9\u6297\u548c\u5371\u673a\u7684\u9891\u53d1\u3002<\/span>[22]\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5728\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u7206\u53d1\u5927\u6218\u3002[23]<\/section>\n
\u5982\u679c\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4ece\u201c<\/span>\u51b2\u7a81<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5230<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5408\u4f5c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u5149\u8c31\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7406\u8bba\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65e0\u7591\u65e0\u9650\u8d8b\u8fd1\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u51b2\u7a81<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u90a3\u4e00\u4fa7\u7684\u9876\u7aef\uff1b\u800c\u540c\u76df\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5219\u4f4d\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5408\u4f5c<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u90a3\u4e00\u4fa7\u7684\u9876\u7aef\u3002<\/span><\/span>[24]\u8981\u60f3\u4ece\u51b2\u7a81\u8d70\u5411\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u514b\u670d\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u963b\u788d\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u3001\u8363\u8a89\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c<\/span>[25]\u5bf9\u76f8\u5bf9\u6536\u76ca\u7684\u8003\u91cf\uff0c<\/span>[26]\u5b89\u5168\u56f0\u5883\uff0c<\/span>[27]\u8ba4\u540c\u5dee\u5f02\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7ade\u4e89\u7b49\u3002<\/span>[28]\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d1f\u9762\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u5927\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\u5f02\u5e38\u654f\u611f\u3001\u7d27\u5f20\u3001\u5145\u6ee1\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002\u5728\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u5236\u5bf9\u5927\u56fd\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u963b\u788d\u4f5c\u7528\u6bd4\u591a\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u66f4\u5f3a\u3002<\/section>\n
\u6839\u636e\u73b0\u6709\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u7684\u786e\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u514b\u670d\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d1f\u9762\u673a\u5236\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u81ea\u6211\u514b\u5236\u548c\u91ca\u653e\u5584\u610f\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c<\/span>[29]\u62e5\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u7b49\u3002<\/span>[30]\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u6761\u4ef6\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u5e76\u4e0d\u663e\u8457\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u8fd8\u662f\u664b\u56fd\u548c\u695a\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u7ed3\u76df\u4e4b\u524d\u90fd\u4e00\u76f4\u5904\u4e8e\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u5bf9\u6297\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5360\u636e\u6218\u7565\u4f18\u52bf\u4e0d\u9057\u4f59\u529b\u751a\u81f3\u4e0d\u62e9\u624b\u6bb5\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u6b8b\u9177\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u4e5f\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u5efa\u6784\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\u548c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u670b\u53cb<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6587\u5316\u3002<\/span><\/span>[31]\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u76f8\u540c\u653f\u4f53\u57ce\u90a6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u8bc1\u5426\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u5e73\u8bba\uff0c<\/span>[32]\u66f4\u4f55\u51b5\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5206\u5c5e\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u5be1\u5934\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u3002<\/span>[33]\u695a\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5468\u738b\u5ba4\u5206\u5c01\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u6587\u5316\u4e0a\u53d7\u4e2d\u539f\u56fd\u5bb6\u9119\u89c6\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u86ee\u5937<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>[34]\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4ece\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u4e5f\u4ecd\u7136\u5f88\u96be\u89e3\u91ca\u96c5\u5178\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4ee5\u53ca\u664b\u4e0e\u695a\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9000\u4e00\u6b65\u8bb2\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u80fd\u591f\u514b\u670d\u4e0a\u8ff0\u79cd\u79cd\u8d1f\u9762\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u51b2\u7a81\u5b9e\u73b0\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ecd\u7136\u8981\u9762\u4e34\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u4e3a\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff1f\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u7ed3\u76df\u3002\u7ed3\u76df\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u6210\u672c\u7684\u6218\u7565\u5408\u4f5c\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7ed3\u76df\u8005\u9700\u627f\u62c5\u88ab\u76df\u53cb\u7275\u8fde\u548c\u629b\u5f03\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/span>[35]\u5f53\u76df\u53cb\u6c42\u52a9\u65f6\u5982\u679c\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u5c65\u884c\u76df\u7ea6\uff0c\u8fd8\u987b\u4ed8\u51fa\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u6210\u672c\u548c\u89c2\u4f17\u6210\u672c\u3002<\/span>[36]\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u7ed3\u76df\u8fd8\u4f1a\u9650\u5236\u7ed3\u76df\u8005\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u5411\u76df\u53cb\u505a\u51fa\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u59a5\u534f\u3002<\/span>[37]\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u7ed3\u76df\u5bf9\u5927\u56fd\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u660e\u663e\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u5a01\u80c1\u5e73\u8861\u8bba\u548c\u5229\u76ca\u5e73\u8861\u8bba\u662f\u8054\u76df\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span>[38]\u4f46\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\uff0c\u9664\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u5916\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u81ea\u8eab\u6784\u6210\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u7528\u8bf4\u6784\u6210\u5bf9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8ffd\u968f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e00\u4e9b\u5b66\u8005\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u8054\u76df\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u63a7\u5236\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u76df\u6539\u5584\u4e0e\u6f5c\u5728\u5bf9\u624b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u6709\u6548\u5730\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u7ea6\u675f\u76df\u53cb\u3002<\/span>[39]\u4f46\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7406\u8bba\u8981\u4e48\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u6f5c\u5728\u7ed3\u76df\u5bf9\u8c61\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u9ad8\uff0c\u5747\u4e0e\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0d\u7b26\u3002\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u7c7b\u7406\u8bba\u81f3\u591a\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u5177\u4f53\u67d0\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7ed3\u76df\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5bb9\u6613\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u4f1a\u5c31\u7ed3\u76df\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u7ed3\u76df\u6216\u8bb8\u7684\u786e\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ea6\u675f\u540e\u8005\uff0c\u53ef\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u540e\u8005\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u7518\u613f\u53d7\u5176\u7ea6\u675f\uff1f\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u56fa\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u5b83\u4e0e\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\uff08<\/span>Argos<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u300a\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u671f\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u8feb\u5728\u7709\u776b\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u613f\u4e24\u7ebf\u4f5c\u6218\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u96c5\u5178\u5e76\u4e0d\u9762\u4e34\u6765\u81ea\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ed3\u76df\u53ea\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u81ea\u5df1\u88ab\u5377\u5165\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e0e\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u654c\u4eba\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u6700\u4f18\u6218\u7565\u96be\u9053\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u654c\u4eba\u7684\u654c\u4eba<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af<\/span>\u2014\u2014<\/span>\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u4e00\u4e3e\u5f7b\u5e95\u5236\u670d\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5417\uff1f\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u4e0e\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u62d2\u7edd\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u9759\u89c2\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e0e\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u7684\u4e89\u6597\uff0c\u5750\u6536\u6e14\u5229\u3002<\/span><\/span>[40]\u5728\u65e2\u9700\u627f\u62c5\u6210\u672c\u548c\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u53c8\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u663e\u5185\u90e8\u548c\u5916\u90e8\u6536\u76ca\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u6108\u53d1\u663e\u5f97\u6251\u6714\u8ff7\u79bb\u3002<\/span>[41]<\/section>\n
\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u201c<\/span>\u6700\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u73b0\u8c61\uff1a\u6700\u96be\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u673a\u5236\u3002\u5b83\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u50a8\u5907\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u62d3\u5c55\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8054\u76df\u5f62\u6210\u3001\u5927\u56fd\u6218\u7565\u7ade\u4e89\u673a\u5236\u3001\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u8f6c\u5316\u7b49\u91cd\u5927\u7406\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u76f8\u5173\u9886\u57df\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u521b\u65b0\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

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\n
3<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\n
\u201c\u6743\u529b\u5927\/\u5c0f\u201d\u6096\u8bba\u548c\u5e7f\u4e49\u201c\u7a33\u5b9a\/\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u201d\u6096\u8bba<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\uff08\u4e00\uff09<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u201c<\/span>\u5f3a\u8005\u80fd\u505a\u5176\u60f3\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u5f31\u8005\u53ea\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u5f3a\u8005\u6240\u505a\u7684\u4e8b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f\u300a\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u6218\u4e89\u53f2\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u540d\u8a00\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[42]\u88ab\u540e\u4e16\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5949\u4e3a\u572d\u81ec\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u60c5\u52bf\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f3a\u8005\u548c\u5f31\u8005\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7ffb\u8f6c\uff0c\u5f3a\u8005\u53cd\u800c\u4f1a\u53d7\u5f31\u8005\u7684\u652f\u914d\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u5bf9\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u4f1a\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u7ea6\u675f\u5927\u56fd\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4f7f\u5927\u56fd\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u800c\u9677\u5165\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5927\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u53ef\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u5bf9\u7269\u8d28\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u548c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\uff08<\/span>symbolic<\/span>\uff09\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u4e24\u5927\u7c7b\u3002<\/span><\/span>[43]\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u5bf9\u7269\u8d28\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u671f\u96c6\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u9886\u571f\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5bf9\u9886\u571f\u7684\u4e89\u593a\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/span>[44]\u4f46\u9664\u4e86\u9886\u571f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ee5\u9886\u571f\u4e3a\u8f7d\u4f53\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u540c\u6837\u751a\u81f3\u66f4\u5728\u4e4e\u6743\u529b\u548c\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5bf9\u652f\u914d\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u662f\u6839\u690d\u4e8e\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u672c\u80fd\u3002<\/span>[45]\u5728\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6784\u6210\u8981\u7d20\u4e2d\uff0c\u5730\u4f4d\u7b49\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u56e0\u7d20\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u65e5\u76ca\u4e3a\u5b66\u754c\u6240\u91cd\u89c6\u3002<\/span>[46]\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bb2\uff0c\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14<\/span>\u00b7<\/span><\/span>\u514b\u62c9\u96f7\u5e0c\uff08<\/span>Michael P. Colaresi<\/span>\uff09\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u6218\u7565\u7ade\u4e89\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ade\u4e89\uff08<\/span><\/span>spatial rivalries<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\uff08<\/span>positional rivalries<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u662f\u6070\u5f53\u7684\uff1a\u524d\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u91cf\u662f\u5bf9\u9886\u571f\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u91cf\u662f\u5bf9\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u3002<\/span><\/span>[47]<\/section>\n
\u514b\u62c9\u96f7\u5e0c\u7b49\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u95f4\u7684\u6218\u7565\u7ade\u4e89\u5927\u591a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/span>[48]\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ade\u4e89\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u4f7f\u5927\u56fd\u51b3\u7b56\u53d7\u5230\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f3a\u56fd\u80fd\u505a\u5176\u60f3\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u5f31\u56fd\u53ea\u80fd\u505a\u5f3a\u56fd\u8ba9\u5b83\u505a\u7684\u4e8b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e00\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u5e38\u8bc6\u76f8\u8fdd\u80cc\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[49]\u4f46\u73b0\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u6697\u793a\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f3a\u56fd\u505a\u5f31\u56fd\u8ba9\u5176\u505a\u7684\u4e8b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f\u5904\u4e8e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u56fa\u6709\u884c\u4e3a\u503e\u5411\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u5927\u56fd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u80fd\u5426\u62e5\u6709\u6bd4\u5bf9\u624b\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff08<\/span>authority<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u66f4\u591a\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u652f\u6301\u548c\u8ffd\u968f\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u662f\u5176\u8d62\u5f97\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u5728\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u83b7\u5f97\u8fd9\u79cd\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u9014\u5f84\u662f\u7ed9\u5c0f\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u3002<\/span><\/span>[50]\u800c\u8054\u76df\u5219\u662f\u5927\u56fd\u4e3a\u5c0f\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u4e24\u4e2a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u56fd\u9645\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4f1a\u4e89\u76f8\u4e0e\u5c0f\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u4e3a\u5c0f\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5be1\u5934\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/span>[51]\u800c\u4e00\u65e6\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u4e3a\u5c0f\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u5c06\u627f\u62c5\u88ab\u5c0f\u56fd\u7275\u8fde\u800c\u5377\u5165\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span>[52]\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u4ee5\u8fd9\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7275\u8fde\u98ce\u9669<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7406\u8bba\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u53c8\u76f8\u7ee7\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9053\u5fb7\u98ce\u9669<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>moral hazard<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ea0\u7f20\u95ee\u9898<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>entanglement<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8d44\u52a9\u4eba\u56f0\u5883<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>patron\u2019s dilemma<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u627f\u8bfa\u96be\u9898<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7b49\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u63cf\u8ff0\u5927\u56fd\u53d7\u5c0f\u56fd\u76df\u56fd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8fde\u7d2f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u98ce\u9669\u672f\u8bed\u3002<\/span><\/span>[53]<\/section>\n
\u5728\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u53ef\u80fd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u542c\u547d<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e8e\u5c0f\u56fd\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8054\u76df\u627f\u8bfa\u6240\u8d1f\u8f7d\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u6210\u672c\u548c\u89c2\u4f17\u6210\u672c\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[54]\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u56fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u652f\u4ed8\u51fd\u6570\u662f\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e3a\u5c0f\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5360\u4f18\u6218\u7565\uff08<\/span>dominant strategy<\/span>\uff09\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u5c0f\u56fd\u6c42\u52a9\u4e8e\u5927\u56fd<\/span>A<\/span>\u88ab<\/span>A<\/span>\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c\u800c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd<\/span>B<\/span>\u8d81\u673a\u4e3a\u8be5\u5c0f\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48<\/span>A<\/span>\u5c06\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u8be5\u5c0f\u56fd\u62f1\u624b\u9001\u5165<\/span>B<\/span>\u7684\u9635\u8425\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u6743\u529b\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u53d7\u635f\u3002<\/span><\/span>[55]\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u8054\u76df\u627f\u8bfa\u548c\u5927\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u6001\u52bf\u5171\u540c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u5b58\u5728\u53d7\u5c0f\u56fd\u76df\u56fd\u5e72\u6270\u800c\u9677\u5165\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u673a\u5236\u5982\u56fe<\/span>1<\/span>\u6240\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\"\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u6768\u539f\uff1a\u200b\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u559c\u5267<\/section>\n
\u4ece\u56fe<\/span>1<\/span>\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u521d\u8877\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u53ef\u7ed3\u679c\u5374\u662f\u5927\u56fd\u51b3\u7b56\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5c0f\u56fd\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6839\u636e\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u8fbe\u5c14\uff08<\/span>Robert A. Dahl<\/span>\uff09\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u5b9a\u4e49<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u201c<\/span>\u8ba9\u4ed6\u4eba\u505a\u5176\u539f\u672c\u4e0d\u613f\u505a\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u80fd\u529b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[56]\u6b64\u65f6\u5c0f\u56fd\u5bf9\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u529b\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u8d85\u8fc7\u5927\u56fd\u5bf9\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/span>[57]\u6211\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fdd\u53cd\u76f4\u89c9\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\uff1a\u5927\u56fd\u539f\u672c\u662f\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5904\u4e8e\u652f\u914d\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u53ef\u6070\u6070\u56e0\u4e3a\u5927\u56fd\u51fa\u4e8e\u6269\u5927\u6743\u529b\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5927\u56fd\u4e00\u5ea6\u6ca6\u4e3a\u88ab\u652f\u914d\u7684\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u627f\u53d7\u5c0f\u56fd\u5f3a\u52a0\u7ed9\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u98ce\u9669\uff1b\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7ade\u4e89\u8d8a\u6fc0\u70c8\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c31\u8d8a\u53d7\u9650\uff0c\u5c31\u8d8a\u6613\u53d7\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u631f\u6301<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5e7f\u4e49<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u6fc0\u70c8\u5229\u76ca\u4e89\u593a\u7684\u5927\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u613f\u5c31\u5229\u76ca\u5f52\u5c5e\u505a\u51fa\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u529b\u4ecb\u5165\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u662f\u5426\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u81ea\u6211\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u4ece\u5bf9\u6297\u8d70\u5411\u7f13\u548c\uff1f\u6838\u5a01\u6151\u9886\u57df\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\uff08<\/span>stability\/instability paradox<\/span>\uff09\u6307\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff1a\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u76f8\u4e92\u786e\u4fdd\u6467\u6bc1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6838\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6838\u5bf9\u6297\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u53cc\u8f93<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u80c6\u5c0f\u9b3c\u6e38\u620f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u6709\u610f\u613f\u907f\u514d\u6838\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5982\u679c\u5e38\u89c4\u6218\u4e89\u5347\u7ea7\u4e3a\u6838\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u9ad8\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u51b2\u7a81\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u4f1a\u6ce8\u610f\u7ba1\u63a7\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u5e38\u89c4\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/span>[58]\u5982\u679c\u66f4\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u6838\u6218\u4e89\u98ce\u9669\uff08<\/span>\u03b8<\/span>\uff09\uff1d\u5e38\u89c4\u6218\u4e89\u98ce\u9669\uff08<\/span>\u03ba<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u00d7<\/span>\u5e38\u89c4\u6218\u4e89\u5347\u7ea7\u4e3a\u6838\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff08<\/span>\u03b5<\/span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[59]\u5f53\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684<\/span>\u03b8<\/span>\u4e00\u5b9a\u65f6\uff0c<\/span>\u03ba<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>\u03b5<\/span>\u6210\u53cd\u6bd4\u3002<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff1a\u7a33\u5b9a\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4fc3\u6210\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u201c<\/span>\u80c6\u5c0f\u9b3c\u6e38\u620f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6d88\u8017\u6218<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u535a\u5f08\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u540e\u8005\u7684\u9759\u6001\u5316\u8868\u8fbe\u3002<\/span><\/span>[60]\u5f53\u535a\u5f08\u53cc\u65b9\u5bf9\u8c01\u80fd\u575a\u6301\u5230\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684\u9884\u671f\u662f\u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8bc6\u65f6\uff0c\uff08\u80fd\u575a\u6301\u5230\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u8f6e\u8005\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f6e\u4e89\u593a\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f6e\u9000\u51fa\uff09\u662f\u8be5\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u5b50\u535a\u5f08\u5b8c\u7f8e\u5747\u8861\u3002<\/span>[61]\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u6838\u5bf9\u6297\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u79cd\u80fd\u4f7f\u5927\u56fd\u9677\u5165<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6d88\u8017\u6218<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e24\u4e2a\u52bf\u5747\u529b\u654c\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u9677\u5165\u6301\u7eed\u6d88\u8017\u4e14\u6ca1\u6709\u8d62\u5bb6\u7684\u50f5\u5c40\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6301\u7eed\u6d88\u8017\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u53cc\u65b9\u6240\u80fd\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u6781\u9650\uff0c\u8fd9\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u4f1a\u8bbe\u6cd5\u907f\u514d\u7684\u53cc\u8f93\u5c40\u9762\u3002<\/span><\/span>[62]\u7c7b\u6bd4\u4e0a\u8ff0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u5f53\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u9677\u5165\u53cc\u8f93\u6027\u50f5\u5c40\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u4e00\u5b9a\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u51b2\u7a81\u5f15\u53d1\u50f5\u5c40\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u9ad8\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u5c31\u4f1a\u7ba1\u63a7\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7f13\u548c\uff1b<\/span><\/span>[63]\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5f15\u53d1\u50f5\u5c40\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u4f4e\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u5c31\u4f1a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u7ba1\u63a7\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u7ade\u4e89\u673a\u5236\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u56f0\u5883\u673a\u5236\u7b49\u8d1f\u9762\u673a\u5236\u5c31\u5c06\u53d1\u6325\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u5f15\u53d1\u4e24\u56fd\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u5bf9\u6297\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u4e00\u822c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\uff1a\u5927\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u53cc\u8f93\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u53d1\u751f\u53cc\u8f93\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u5c31\u8d8a\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u964d\u4f4e\u5927\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6fc0\u70c8\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5927\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\u8d70\u5411\u7f13\u548c\u3002\u6838\u5a01\u6151\u9886\u57df\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6096\u8bba\u5728\u6838\u51b2\u7a81\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
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\n

<\/section>\n
\n
4<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u673a\u5236<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u4ece\u51b2\u7a81\u5230\u7f13\u548c\u7684\u673a\u5236<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u901a\u5e38\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u5927\u56fd\u95f4\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u529b\u5206\u914d\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u7531\u5b9e\u529b\u5206\u914d\u53d8\u5316\u6240\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u627f\u8bfa\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span>[64]\u56e0\u627f\u8bfa\u95ee\u9898\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u6218\u4e89\u6bd4\u56e0\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u66f4\u957f\uff0c\u7834\u574f\u6027\u66f4\u9ad8\u3002<\/span>[65]\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u51b2\u7a81\u53cc\u65b9\u4e2d\u6709\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u65b9\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u8fbe\u6210\u67d0\u79cd\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u5bf9\u65b9\u4ecd\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u610f\u613f\u6495\u6bc1\u534f\u8bae\u5e76\u8fdb\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u6218\u4e89\u5c31\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002<\/span>[66]\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b9e\u529b\u5448\u4e0a\u5347\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u5f88\u96be\u4ee4\u5b9e\u529b\u5448\u4e0b\u964d\u8d8b\u52bf\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u76f8\u4fe1\u524d\u8005\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u514b\u5236\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u6bd4\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ade\u4e89\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u9677\u5165\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u4e89\u7aef\uff0c\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5f62\u6210<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6d88\u8017\u6218<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>[67]<\/section>\n
\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u7269\u8d28\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u6709\u9650\u6027\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6d88\u8017\u6218<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6c38\u8fdc\u6301\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002<\/span><\/span>[68]\u5982\u679c\u6210\u672c\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u7d2f\u79ef\u4f7f\u53cc\u65b9\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u76f8\u4e92\u635f\u4f24\u7684\u50f5\u5c40\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u53cc\u65b9\u575a\u6301\u5230\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6536\u76ca\u90fd\u5c0f\u4e8e\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8f6e\u9000\u51fa\u7684\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u505c\u6b62\u51b2\u7a81<\/span>\/<\/span>\u6218\u4e89\u5c06\u6210\u4e3a\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5171\u8bc6\u3002<\/span><\/span>[69]\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6240\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u5e7f\u4e49<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u56fd\u7ade\u4e89\u521d\u671f\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5f53\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u6218\u4e89\u524d\u666f\u6301\u4e50\u89c2\u5224\u65ad\u65f6\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u5bf9\u6297\u5c06\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002<\/span><\/span>[70]\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4fe1\u606f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u79f0\u95ee\u9898\u540c\u6837\u4e0d\u4f1a\u65e0\u9650\u671f\u5730\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u968f\u7740\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u548c\u53cc\u65b9\u4e92\u52a8\u6b21\u6570\u7684\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u5bf9\u51b2\u7a81\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u9884\u671f\u5c06\u8d8b\u4e8e\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/span>[71]\u5f53\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u5f00\u59cb\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u51b2\u7a81\u5c06\u5bfc\u81f4\u53cc\u8f93\u6027\u50f5\u5c40\u8fd9\u79cd\u60b2\u5267\u6027\u540e\u679c\u65f6\uff0c\u5e7f\u4e49<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u5c06\u5f00\u59cb\u663e\u73b0\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u53cc\u65b9\u4ece\u5bf9\u6297\u8d70\u5411\u7f13\u548c\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u4ece\u7f13\u548c\u5230\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u673a\u5236<\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n
\u6210\u672c\u6d88\u8017\u548c\u50f5\u5c40\u53ea\u80fd\u4f7f\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u505c\u6b62\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u4fc3\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u7ed3\u4e3a\u76df\u53cb\u3002\u8981\u89e3\u5f00<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e4b\u8c1c\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u73af\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u501f\u52a9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u3002<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u5b58\u5728\u88ab\u5c0f\u56fd\u62d6\u5165\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u6216\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e3a\u5c0f\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u5927\u56fd\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u80fd\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u6781\u9650\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u5c31\u6709\u52a8\u529b\u89c4\u907f\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/span>[72]\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u540c\u65f6\u5411\u5c0f\u56fd\u548c\u5bf9\u624b\u53ef\u4fe1\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u5176\u4e0d\u613f\u518d\u88ab\u5c0f\u56fd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ed1\u67b6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\u3002\u8054\u76df\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u5b89\u5168\u9886\u57df\u5e38\u89c1\u4e14\u6709\u6548\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u91ca\u653e\u673a\u5236\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[73]\u662f\u5927\u56fd\u4f20\u9012\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u53ef\u9009\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u73b0\u5728\u5047\u8bbe\u6709<\/span>A<\/span>\u3001<\/span>B<\/span>\u3001<\/span>C<\/span>\u4e09\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d<\/span>A<\/span>\u548c<\/span>B<\/span>\u662f\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\uff0c<\/span>C<\/span>\u662f\u53d7<\/span>A<\/span>\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u5c0f\u56fd\u3002\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5047\u8bbe\uff1a<\/span>1<\/span>\uff09<\/span>C<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u51b2\u7a81\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u5c06<\/span>A<\/span>\u62d6\u5165\u4e86\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u7684\u957f\u671f\u51b2\u7a81\uff1b<\/span>2<\/span>\uff09\u6b64\u65f6<\/span>A<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u56fd\u529b\u5747\u5df2\u4e25\u91cd\u6d88\u8017\uff0c\u5747\u65e0\u529b\u6216\u65e0\u610f\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u4e00\u8f6e\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\uff1b<\/span>3<\/span>\uff09\u6b64\u65f6<\/span>C<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c<\/span>C<\/span>\u4ecd\u53ef\u80fd\u7ee7\u7eed\u5411<\/span>A<\/span>\u63d0\u51fa\u63f4\u52a9\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002<\/span><\/span>[74]<\/section>\n
\u5728\u8fd9<\/span>3<\/span>\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6<\/span>A<\/span>\u6709<\/span>4<\/span>\u79cd\u53ef\u9009\u7b56\u7565\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b56\u7565<\/span>1<\/span>\uff1a\u575a\u6301\u5bf9<\/span>C<\/span>\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u5bf9\u6297\u3002\u6839\u636e\u6761\u4ef6<\/span>2<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>A<\/span>\u65e0\u529b\u6216\u65e0\u610f\u5b9e\u65bd\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b56\u7565<\/span>2<\/span>\uff1a\u505c\u6b62\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u4f46\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0e<\/span>C<\/span>\u7684\u540c\u76df\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u80fd\u591f\u907f\u514d\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u53d1\u751f\u5373\u65f6\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u4f46\u6839\u636e\u6761\u4ef6<\/span>3<\/span>\uff0c\u672a\u6765<\/span>A<\/span>\u88ab<\/span>C<\/span>\u62d6\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u4fdd\u6301\u4e0e<\/span>C<\/span>\u540c\u76df\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u505c\u6218\uff0c\u5176\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u7f13\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u5bf9<\/span>B<\/span>\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b56\u7565<\/span>3<\/span>\uff1a\u505c\u6b62\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u5e76\u89e3\u9664\u4e0e<\/span>C<\/span>\u7684\u540c\u76df\u5173\u7cfb\u6216\u8005\u62d2\u7edd<\/span>C<\/span>\u7684\u63f4\u52a9\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u80fd\u591f\u907f\u514d\u5373\u65f6\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u7f13\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u6613\u4e8e\u88ab<\/span>B<\/span>\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06<\/span>C<\/span>\u63a8\u5411<\/span>B<\/span>\u7684\u9635\u8425\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5931\u53bb\u672a\u6765\u4e89\u53d6\u76df\u53cb\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u3002<\/span><\/span>[75]\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u65e0\u6cd5\u6392\u9664<\/span>A<\/span>\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u76df\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u5e76\u5c06<\/span>A<\/span>\u62d6\u5165\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b56\u7565<\/span>4<\/span>\uff1a\u505c\u6b62\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u7ed3\u76df\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u907f\u514d\u5373\u65f6\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u7528\u7ed3\u76df\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u505c\u6b62\u5bf9\u6297\u3001\u5b9e\u73b0\u7f13\u548c\u7684\u610f\u613f\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u8fd9\u79cd\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u53ef\u7f6e\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span>[76]\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7ed3\u76df\u4f1a\u9650\u5236\u7ed3\u76df\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c<\/span>[77]\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8feb\u4f7f\u7ed3\u76df\u8005\u5728\u4e0e\u7ed3\u76df\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u505a\u51fa\u67d0\u4e9b\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c<\/span>[78]\u56e0\u6b64<\/span>A<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u7684\u7ed3\u76df\u4f1a\u5411\u5305\u62ec<\/span>C<\/span>\u5728\u5185\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5458\u91ca\u653e\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[79]\u5373<\/span>A<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u505c\u6b62\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u610f\u613f\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\uff0c\u51b3\u5fc3\u662f\u575a\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6253\u6d88\u5305\u62ec<\/span>C<\/span>\u5728\u5185\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ee7\u7eed\u5229\u7528<\/span>A<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u5bf9<\/span>A<\/span>\u5b9e\u65bd<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ed1\u67b6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
B<\/span>\u6b64\u65f6\u6709<\/span>3<\/span>\u79cd\u53ef\u9009\u7b56\u7565\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b56\u7565<\/span>1<\/span>\uff1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0e<\/span>A<\/span>\u5bf9\u6297\u3002\u4e0e<\/span>A<\/span>\u7684\u7b56\u7565<\/span>1<\/span>\u540c\u7406\uff0c\u8be5\u7b56\u7565\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b56\u7565<\/span>2<\/span>\uff1a\u505c\u6b62\u4e0e<\/span>A<\/span>\u5bf9\u6297\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u80fd\u591f\u907f\u514d\u5373\u65f6\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u6765\u4ecd\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u5176\u4ed6\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u5982<\/span>A<\/span>\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u653b\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u76df\u56fd\u4e0e<\/span>A<\/span>\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u7b49\uff09\u91cd\u65b0\u4e0e<\/span>A<\/span>\u5bf9\u6297\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u7b56\u7565<\/span>3<\/span>\uff1a\u505c\u6b62\u4e0e<\/span>A<\/span>\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e<\/span>A<\/span>\u7ed3\u76df\u3002\u540c<\/span>A<\/span>\u7684\u7b56\u7565<\/span>4<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u591f\u907f\u514d\u5373\u65f6\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u80fd\u591f\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u89c4\u907f\u672a\u6765\u56e0\u5c0f\u56fd\u800c\u7ee7\u7eed\u906d\u53d7\u635f\u5931\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/span>[80]<\/section>\n
\u7efc\u4e0a\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ed3\u76df\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7eb3\u4ec0\u5747\u8861\uff0c\u5373\u7ed9\u5b9a\u4e00\u65b9\u9009\u62e9<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u6ca1\u6709\u504f\u79bb<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e00\u9009\u9879\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u76df\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u5411\u5916\u754c\u91ca\u653e\u53ef\u4fe1\u4fe1\u53f7\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u672a\u6765\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u4e0e\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u533a\u522b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u7c7b\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u90fd\u662f\u96f6\u548c\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u90fd\u5b58\u5728\u957f\u671f\u5bf9\u6297\u3001\u6301\u7eed\u6d88\u8017\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6240\u4e89\u593a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u571f\u5730\uff0c\u800c\u571f\u5730\u662f\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3b\u89c2\u80fd\u52a8\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5927\u56fd\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e0a\u4e0d\u60f3\u4e89\u593a\u5b83\uff0c\u5b83\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e3b\u52a8\u5f71\u54cd\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5927\u56fd\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5411\u571f\u5730\u91ca\u653e\u4fe1\u53f7\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4f46\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u5219\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5b83\u6240\u4e89\u593a\u7684\u76ee\u6807<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u7cfb\u578b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[81]\u6d89\u53ca\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u6709\u4e3b\u89c2\u80fd\u52a8\u6027\u7684\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u60f3\u505c\u6b62\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e0e\u5b83\u4eec\u6709\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5c0f\u56fd\u4e5f\u60f3\u505c\u6b62\u3002\u800c\u6b63\u5982<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u6240\u63ed\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u5c0f\u56fd\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/span>[82]\u6b63\u56e0\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u624d\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u76df\u5411\u5c0f\u56fd\u91ca\u653e\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bf9\u6297\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6982\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ade\u4e89\u5373\u4f7f\u4f1a\u56e0\u5e7f\u4e49<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u6548\u5e94\u800c\u8d8b\u4e8e\u7f13\u548c\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\uff1b\u53ea\u6709\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7ade\u4e89\u624d\u5b58\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u81f3\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u603b\u7ed3\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u673a\u5236\u5982\u56fe<\/span>2<\/span>\u6240\u793a\u3002\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5177\u5907\u4e09\u4e2a\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a<\/span>1<\/span>\uff09\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u53d1\u751f\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u673a\u662f\u8ffd\u6c42\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e89\u593a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4fdd\u62a4\u5c0f\u56fd\uff1b<\/span>2<\/span>\uff09\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u9677\u5165\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u8db3\u591f\u957f\uff0c\u6240\u6d88\u8017\u7684\u56fd\u529b\u90fd\u8d8b\u8fd1\u4e8e\u5404\u81ea\u53ef\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u6781\u9650\uff1b<\/span>3<\/span>\uff09\u5927\u56fd\u53d7\u5c0f\u56fd\u5f71\u54cd\u518d\u6b21\u9677\u5165\u53cc\u8f93\u6027\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u4f9d\u7136\u663e\u8457\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
 \"\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u6768\u539f\uff1a\u200b\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u559c\u5267<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u5be1\u5934\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5361\u7279\u5c14\u5784\u65ad<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u72b6\u6001\u53ef\u80fd\u5f88\u96be\u957f\u671f\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u7ef4\u6301\u3002\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\u548c\u5927\u56fd\u56fd\u529b\u7684\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u6743\u529b\u5bf9\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u6548\u7528\u4f1a\u518d\u6b21\u8d85\u8fc7\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u5f53\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u6548\u7528\u53d1\u751f\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d8\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ed3\u76df\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u5747\u8861\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u5173\u7cfb\u5c06\u91cd\u65b0\u56de\u5230\u5f7c\u6b64\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u7b26\u5408\u5e7f\u4e49<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\/<\/span>\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u9884\u671f\uff1a\u5f53\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u51fa\u73b0\u53cc\u8f93\u6027\u50f5\u5c40\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u964d\u4f4e\u65f6\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u5c06\u8d8b\u4e8e\u9891\u7e41\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n

<\/section>\n
\n
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\n
5<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u96c5\u5178\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u540c\u76df<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>479<\/span>\u5e74\u6ce2\u65af\u5165\u4fb5\u5e0c\u814a\u5931\u8d25\u540e\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u8fc5\u901f\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002<\/span><\/span>[83]\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>446<\/span>\u5e74\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u300a\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u6b63\u5f0f\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6d77\u9646\u5206\u6cbb\u5e0c\u814a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u683c\u5c40\u3002\u81ea\u6b64\u76f4\u5230\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u548c\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span>[84]\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u5e0c\u814a\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u770b\u6765\u662f\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u7684\u3002<\/span>[85]\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u8d28\u7591\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u9274\u4e8e\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u95ee\u9898\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u9996\u5148\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d28\u7591\u505a\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u8d28\u7591\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u610f\u89c1\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u89c1\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u4e16\u754c\u5185\u90e8\u5b58\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u529b\u91cf\u80fd\u591f\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u4f53\u7cfb\u5b89\u5168\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u6218\u4e89\u8fd8\u662f\u548c\u5e73\uff09\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0d\u662f\u4e24\u6781\u800c\u662f\u591a\u6781\u3002<\/span>[86]\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u89c1\u5bf9\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7684\u95e8\u69db\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u5904\u4e8e\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u9664\u4e86\u90a3\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u5bf9\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u72b6\u6001\u4ea7\u751f\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span>1962<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u53e4\u5df4\u5bfc\u5f39\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u9669\u4e9b\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u548c\u82cf\u8054\u62d6\u5165\u7b2c\u4e09\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\uff1b<\/span>1972<\/span>\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5efa\u4ea4\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u6df1\u523b\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u6b64\u540e\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1a\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u56e0\u6b64\u8ba4\u4e3a\u51b7\u6218\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u591a\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u53e4\u5df4\u548c\u4e2d\u56fd\u5206\u522b\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4e00\u6781\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ece\u672a\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u8fd9\u4e00\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u51b7\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u6743\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u7a0b\u5ea6\u6bd4\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u671f\u66f4\u52a0\u5206\u6563\u3002<\/span><\/span>[87]<\/section>\n
\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u610f\u89c1\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u4e16\u754c\u4ee5\u5916\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u6ce2\u65af\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5b83\u5bf9\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u5c40\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c06\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/span>[88]\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u5bf9\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u6218\u4e89\u8d70\u52bf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u540e\u671f\u3002\u4ece\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u4e00\u76f4\u81f3\u5c11\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7f14\u7ed3\u300a\u5c3c\u57fa\u963f\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u548c\u540c\u76df\u6761\u7ea6\u65f6\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u4ecb\u5165\u5e0c\u814a\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/span><\/span>[89]\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5728\u505a\u51fa\u505c\u6218\u548c\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u8003\u8651\u6ce2\u65af\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6ce2\u65af\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u6781<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u5c06\u6ce2\u65af\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u4ea7\u751f\u5b9e\u8d28\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8d77\u59cb\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5b9a\u5728\u897f\u897f\u91cc\u8fdc\u5f81\u5931\u8d25\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u6700\u540e<\/span>10<\/span>\u5e74\u3002<\/span><\/span>[90]<\/section>\n
\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u56de\u5f52\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u4e0a\u6765\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5fc5\u9700\u660e\u786e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u4e24\u6781\u8fd8\u662f\u591a\u6781\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u76f4\u63a5\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e00\u6781\u7684<\/span>A<\/span>\u56fd\u548c\u4f53\u7cfb\u53e6\u4e00\u6781\u7684<\/span>B<\/span>\u56fd\u540c\u65f6\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u591a\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u800c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u65f6\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u624d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u5176\u7ed3\u76df\u6e90\u4e8e\u5171\u540c\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>431<\/span>\u5e74\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ed3\u76df\u8fd9\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u90a6\u4f53\u7cfb\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u524d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u5b9e\u529b\u4ec5\u6b21\u4e8e\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u79d1\u6797\u65af\uff08<\/span>Corinth<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u652f\u6301\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e5f\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u6311\u6218\u96c5\u5178\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\uff0c\u5219\u5fc5\u8f93\u65e0\u7591\u3002<\/span><\/span>[91]\u5373\u4f7f\u5230\u4e86\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u652f\u6301\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f9d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f1a\u5bf9\u96c5\u5178\u6784\u6210\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/span><\/span>[92]\u6ca1\u6709\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u96c5\u5178\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u5c31\u66f4\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u54ea\u79cd\u529b\u91cf\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u540c\u65f6\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4ece\u56fd\u9645\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u5171\u540c\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u89e3\u91ca\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u7ed3\u76df\u662f\u884c\u4e0d\u901a\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u8981\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\u5b9e\u73b0\u5408\u4f5c\u8fdb\u800c\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u9996\u5148\u77e5\u9053\u4e24\u56fd\u6700\u521d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u9677\u5165\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>431<\/span>\u5e74\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u963f\u5947\u8fbe\u59c6\u65af\u6218\u4e89\u662f\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5bf9\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u4fee\u6614\u5e95\u5fb7\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u89e3\u91ca\u662f<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u65e5\u76ca\u5f3a\u5927\u4f7f\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u4e86\u6050\u60e7<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>[93]\u4f46\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4f1a\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u51fa\u4e8e\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u672c\u613f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u88ab\u76df\u56fd\u8981\u631f\u88ab\u8feb\u9677\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/span>[94]<\/section>\n
\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>446<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u3002\u8be5\u548c\u7ea6\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u76df\u56fd\u7981\u6b62\u6539\u53d8\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5c5e\u7684\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u4e2d\u7acb\u57ce\u90a6\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u76df\u3002<\/span><\/span>[95]\u5728\u6b64\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u90fd\u9075\u5b88\u4e86\u300a\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u6240\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u7cbe\u529b\u5747\u7528\u4e8e\u7ef4\u6301\u800c\u975e\u6269\u5927\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u540c\u76df\u9635\u8425\u3002<\/span>[96]\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u4e00\u76f4\u5ef6\u7eed\u5230\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u6218\u4e89\u7206\u53d1\u524d\u4e24\u5e74\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u79d1\u57fa\u62c9\uff08<\/span>Corcyra<\/span>\uff09\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u57c3\u6bd4\u8fbe\u59c6\u8bfa\u65af\uff08<\/span>Epidamnus<\/span>\uff09\u53d1\u751f\u5185\u6218\uff0c\u57c3\u6bd4\u8fbe\u59c6\u8bfa\u65af\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d3e\u6c42\u52a9\u79d1\u57fa\u62c9\u672a\u679c\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u6c42\u52a9\u79d1\u57fa\u62c9\u7684\u6bcd\u56fd\u79d1\u6797\u65af\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u5f15\u53d1\u79d1\u57fa\u62c9\u548c\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>433<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u79d1\u57fa\u62c9\u4ee3\u8868\u51fa\u5e2d\u96c5\u5178\u516c\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u5e76\u63d0\u51fa\u8bf7\u96c5\u5178\u63d0\u4f9b\u63f4\u52a9\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u53cd\u5e94\u662f\u62d2\u7edd\u3002<\/span><\/span>[97]\u5373\u4f7f\u6700\u7ec8\u96c5\u5178\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e0e\u79d1\u57fa\u62c9\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u4e5f\u660e\u786e\u5c06\u540c\u76df\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u9650\u5b9a\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u540c\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span>epimachia<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u8fdd\u53cd\u300a\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[98]\u5e76\u4e14\u53ea\u6d3e\u51fa\u4e00\u53ea<\/span>10<\/span>\u8258\u6218\u8239\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u5c0f\u578b\u8230\u961f\u3002<\/span><\/span>[99]\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u5411\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u91ca\u653e\u51fa\u96c5\u5178\u65e0\u610f\u4e8e\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002<\/span>[100]<\/section>\n
\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u79d1\u57fa\u62c9\u5371\u673a\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e00\u76f4\u975e\u5e38\u8c28\u614e\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u907f\u514d\u5377\u5165\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u519b\u4e8b\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u5728\u79d1\u57fa\u62c9\u5bfb\u6c42\u96c5\u5178\u63f4\u52a9\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u4e5f\u5e0c\u671b\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u63d0\u4f9b\u54ea\u6015\u5c11\u91cf\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u7684\u5175\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u51fa\u4e8e\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u8c28\u614e\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5728\u8fd9\u6b21\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u4e3a\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u63d0\u4f9b\u4efb\u4f55\u63f4\u52a9\u3002<\/span>[101]\u5728\u7409\u57fa\u59c6\u5c3c\uff08<\/span>Leucimme<\/span>\uff09\u6218\u5f79\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u8981\u6c42\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u901a\u8fc7\u8c08\u5224\u6216\u4ef2\u88c1\u89e3\u51b3\u7eb7\u4e89\u3002<\/span><\/span>[102]\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>432<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u7684\u6e38\u8bf4\u4e0b\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ec8\u4e8e\u51b3\u5b9a\u5411\u96c5\u5178\u5f00\u6218\uff0c\u4f46\u5373\u4f7f\u5230\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u4f9d\u7136\u662f\u8c28\u614e\u548c\u72b9\u8c6b\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u9996\u5148\u53bb\u5fb7\u5c14\u83f2\u95ee\u535c\uff0c\u5728\u5f97\u5230\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u7b54\u590d\u540e\uff0c\u53c8\u5411\u96c5\u5178\u6d3e\u51fa\u4e09\u4e2a\u5916\u4ea4\u4f7f\u56e2\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u90fd\u53ef\u89c6\u4e3a\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e3a\u8fbe\u6210\u548c\u5e73\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3001\u907f\u514d\u6218\u4e89\u6240\u505a\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/span>[103]<\/section>\n
\u5c3d\u7ba1\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e0a\u90fd\u4e0d\u613f\u4e0e\u5bf9\u65b9\u5f00\u6218\u56e0\u800c\u5c3d\u529b\u4fdd\u6301\u514b\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u53d7\u5730\u4f4d\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4eba\u6700\u7ec8\u8fd8\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u5411\u96c5\u5178\u5f00\u6218\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4eba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u76f4\u63a5\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u4e5f\u770b\u4e0d\u51fa\u80fd\u4ece\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u66f4\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u4f24\u5bb3\u548c\u6311\u8845\uff0c<\/span>[104]\u53ef\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd8\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5bf9\u624b\u8fd8\u90a3\u4e48\u5f3a\u5927\uff1f\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u4e0e\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6218\u4e89\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u4e89\u6240\u8981\u4e89\u593a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u65b9\u4e43\u81f3\u6574\u4e2a\u4f53\u7cfb\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u9886\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\u3002<\/span>[105]\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u542c\u4ece\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u7b49\u76df\u53cb\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u5411\u96c5\u5178\u5ba3\u6218\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u9886\u5bfc\u7684\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u540c\u76df\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5206\u5d29\u79bb\u6790\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5176\u65e0\u6cd5\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>432<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u516c\u6c11\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\uff0c\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u4ee3\u8868\u660e\u786e\u8b66\u544a\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u542c\u4efb\u96c5\u5178\u5728\u58a8\u4f3d\u62c9\uff08<\/span>Megara<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u6ce2\u63d0\u72c4\u4e9a\uff08<\/span>Potidaea<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u6311\u8845\u800c\u65e0\u89c6\u76df\u53cb\u7684\u63f4\u52a9\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u5c06\u610f\u5473\u7740<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5c06\u4f60\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u548c\u65cf\u4eba\u51fa\u5356\u7ed9\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u5927\u7684\u654c\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u8feb\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u5176\u4ed6\u76df\u90a6\u5728\u7edd\u671b\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u52a0\u5165\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>[106]\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u540c\u76df\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u771f\u7684\u80cc\u53db\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5982\u679c\u58a8\u4f3d\u62c9\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u76df\u53cb\u4e5f\u52a0\u4ee5\u6548\u4eff\uff0c\u5c06\u5bf9\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u9020\u6210\u91cd\u5927\u6253\u51fb\u3002<\/span>[107]\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u62d2\u7edd\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u7684\u63f4\u52a9\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u5c06\u5411\u5916\u754c\u91ca\u653e\u4e00\u79cd\u8d1f\u9762\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u4f7f\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u540c\u76df\u6210\u5458\u548c\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u662f\u8f6f\u5f31\u7684\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\u66f4\u5927\u80c6\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u8054\u76df\u66f4\u52a0\u6da3\u6563\uff0c<\/span>[108]\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4eba\u4ece\u5176\u5148\u8f88\u90a3\u91cc\u7ee7\u627f\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u5728\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u4e5f\u5c06\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u88ab\u524a\u5f31\u3002<\/span>[109]<\/section>\n
\u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u9762\u4e34\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e24\u96be\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u540c\u610f\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u7684\u8bc9\u6c42\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u5c06\u88ab\u5377\u5165\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6218\u4e89\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u679c\u62d2\u7edd\uff0c\u5219\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u540c\u76df\u89e3\u4f53\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span>[110]\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u8fd9\u6b21\u8270\u96be\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u6240\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u524d\u6587\u6240\u8bf4\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u5728\u6743\u529b\u548c\u5730\u4f4d\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u9a71\u4f7f\u4e0b\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u524d\u8005\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>431<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u76f4\u63a5\u4ea4\u6218\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u548c\u96c5\u5178\u5747\u5bf9\u5df1\u65b9\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u524d\u666f\u6301\u4e50\u89c2\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5bf9\u96c5\u5178\u9886\u571f\u8fdb\u884c\u88ad\u63a0\u548c\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u5c31\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u5feb\u901f\u7684\u3001\u65e0\u7591\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002<\/span>[111]\u800c\u96c5\u5178\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f2f\u91cc\u514b\u5229\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u6218\u7565\u5219\u662f\u62d2\u7edd\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5728\u9646\u4e0a\u4ea4\u6218\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u4e61\u6751\uff0c\u64a4\u56de\u57ce\u5185\u9632\u5b88\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u6d3e\u9063\u6d77\u519b\u5bf9\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u534a\u5c9b\u6cbf\u5cb8\u8fdb\u884c\u9a9a\u6270\u3002<\/span>[112]\u4ed6\u540c\u6837\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u4eec\uff08\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\uff09\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\u4e0d\u6269\u5f20\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ba9\u8fd9\u5ea7\u57ce\u5e02\u5904\u4e8e\u5371\u9669\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d6\u5f97\u80dc\u5229<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>[113]\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u53cc\u65b9\u9884\u60f3\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u987a\u5229\u3002\u6218\u4e89\u8fdb\u7a0b\u65f6\u65ad\u65f6\u7eed\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u4e92\u6709\u653b\u5b88\uff0c\u4f46\u8c01\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ed9\u4e88\u5bf9\u65b9\u4ee5\u81f4\u547d\u4e00\u51fb\u3002\u96c5\u5178\u5728\u9646\u4e0a\u96be\u4ee5\u6311\u6218\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e5f\u96be\u4ee5\u4ece\u96c5\u5178\u624b\u4e2d\u593a\u53bb\u6d77\u6d0b\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u53d6\u5f97\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002<\/span>[114]\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u6d88\u8017\u5374\u5728\u9010\u5e74\u589e\u5927\u3002\u6839\u636e\u5361\u6839\u7684\u63a8\u7b97\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u96c5\u5178\u53ef\u52a8\u7528\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u7ea6<\/span>5000<\/span>\u5854\u5170\u540c\uff08<\/span>talents<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\u5e95\u65f6\u53ea\u5269\u4e0b\u7ea6<\/span>2300<\/span>\u5854\u5170\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/span>[115]\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>428<\/span>\u5e74\u5e95\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>427<\/span>\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u53ef\u7528\u8d44\u91d1\u5df2\u4e0d\u5230<\/span>1000<\/span>\u5854\u5170\u540c\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b64\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u5404\u76df\u90a6\u7f34\u7eb3\u66f4\u591a\u8d21\u91d1\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u5f81\u6536\u76f4\u63a5\u7a0e\u3002<\/span><\/span>[116]<\/section>\n
\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u8d44\u6e90\u6d88\u8017\u76f8\u4f34\u968f\u7684\u662f\u53cc\u65b9\u5728\u6218\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u5931\u5229\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>425<\/span>\u5e74\u548c\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>424<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u63a5\u8fde\u5728\u65af\u6cd5\u514b\u7279\u5229\u4e9a\u5c9b\uff08<\/span>Sphacteria<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u57fa\u897f\u62c9\u5c9b\uff08<\/span>Cythera<\/span>\uff09\u906d\u53d7\u91cd\u521b\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u5219\u5728\u58a8\u4f3d\u62c9\u3001\u73bb\u4fc4\u63d0\u4e9a\uff08<\/span>Boeotia<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u5fb7\u91cc\u6602\uff08<\/span>Delium<\/span>\uff09\u7b49\u5730\u63a5\u8fde\u5931\u5229\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>422<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u4e3b\u7ad9\u6d3e\u5c06\u9886\u514b\u91cc\u6602\uff08<\/span>Cleon<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u4f2f\u62c9\u897f\u8fbe\uff08<\/span>Brasidas<\/span>\uff09\u5728\u5b89\u83f2\u6ce2\u5229\u65af\uff08<\/span>Amphipolis<\/span>\uff09\u53cc\u53cc\u6218\u6b7b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6218\u5f79\u7684\u5931\u8d25\u4f7f\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u6218\u4e89\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb\u662f\u5f92\u52b3\u65e0\u529f\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>[117]\u5bf9\u96c5\u5178\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u4ece\u761f\u75ab\u7684\u6253\u51fb\u4e2d\u6062\u590d\uff0c\u53c8\u5bb3\u6015\u5176\u5e1d\u56fd\u5185\u90e8\u53d1\u751f\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u53db\u4e71\u3002\u5bf9\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u6025\u4e8e\u8d4e\u56de\u88ab\u5173\u62bc\u7684\u65af\u6cd5\u514b\u7279\u5229\u4e9a\u6218\u4fd8\uff0c\u4e0e\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u7684\u300a\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u671f\uff0c\u53c8\u5bb3\u6015\u9ed1\u52b3\u58eb\uff08<\/span>helots<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u53cd\u53db\u3002\u5728\u6d88\u8017\u548c\u98ce\u9669\u65e5\u589e\u800c\u53c8\u90fd\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u80dc\u5229\u524d\u666f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u5145\u6ee1\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6b64\u65f6\u5bf9\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6548\u7528\u53c8\u5747\u538b\u5012\u4e86\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6548\u7528\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u6700\u7ec8\u4e8e\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\u7b7e\u7f72\u300a\u5c3c\u57fa\u963f\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/span>[118]<\/section>\n
\u5728\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u5c3c\u57fa\u963f\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u5b9e\u73b0\u7531\u51b2\u7a81\u5230\u7f13\u548c\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u4e0b\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u968f\u5373\u53c8\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u76df\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u6761\u7ea6\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u6709\u654c\u4eba\u4fb5\u72af\u4e24\u56fd\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u56fd\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u56fd\u5e94<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ee5\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u63f4\u52a9\u5bf9\u65b9\u3002<\/span><\/span>[119]<\/section>\n
\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u76f4\u63a5\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u4e0e\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u7684\u505c\u6218\u534f\u5b9a\u5373\u5c06\u5230\u671f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u56e0\u8003\u8651\u5176\u76df\u53cb\u7684\u610f\u613f\u800c\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4e0e\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af<\/span>\u2014<\/span>\u96c5\u5178\u540c\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>[120]\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u6709\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u76df\u6346\u7ed1\u96c5\u5178\u3001\u5f31\u5316\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u56f0\u60d1\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u96c5\u5178\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u540c\u610f\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ed3\u76df\uff1f\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u96c5\u5178\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u9664\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5916\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u96c5\u5178\u6784\u6210\u660e\u663e\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u654c\u4eba\u3002\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u4f1a\u589e\u52a0\u5176\u56e0\u540c\u76df\u4e49\u52a1\u800c\u88ab\u8feb\u5377\u5165\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e0e\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/span>[121]\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u96c5\u5178\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u6709\u4e09\u4e2a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6bd4\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ed3\u76df\u66f4\u4f18\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u9009\u9879\uff1a\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a8\u5458\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u7ec4\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u5165\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540c\u76df\uff0c\u5e76\u53d1\u52a8\u5bf9\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u9f13\u52a8\u9ed1\u52b3\u58eb\u9020\u53cd\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u6218\u4e89\u80dc\u5229\uff0c\u5c06\u7ec8\u7ed3\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u9738\u6743\u5e76\u6467\u6bc1\u6574\u4e2a\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u540c\u76df\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5931\u5229\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u592a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u540e\u679c\u3002\u5176\u4e8c\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u96c5\u5178\u4e0d\u9009\u62e9\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u8fdb\u653b\u6027\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4e5f\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u8c08\u5224\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u575a\u6301\u5728\u5b89\u83f2\u6ce2\u5229\u65af\u5f52\u8fd8\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4e0d\u91ca\u653e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6218\u4fd8\u3001\u4e0d\u7b7e\u8ba2\u548c\u7ea6\u3002\u5176\u4e09\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u79cd\u7b56\u7565\u96c5\u5178\u90fd\u4e0d\u613f\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e0d\u6253\u7834\u300a\u5c3c\u57fa\u963f\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u76df\u7ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u9759\u89c2\u5176\u53d8\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u96c5\u5178\u65e2\u4e0d\u7528\u82b1\u8d39\u989d\u5916\u7684\u91d1\u94b1\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u7528\u5192\u672c\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u56e0\u6218\u4e89\u800c\u4e27\u547d\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u5e76\u5750\u7b49\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u5bf9\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u65bd\u52a0\u5a01\u80c1\u548c\u538b\u529b\u3002<\/span>[122]<\/section>\n
\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6027\u4ef7\u6bd4\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u660e\u663e\u66f4\u4f18\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u9009\u9879\u90fd\u89c6\u800c\u4e0d\u89c1\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u540c\u610f\u4e86\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u7ed3\u76df\u63d0\u8bae\u3002\u5bf9\u6b64\uff0c\u5c31\u8fde\u4ee5\u6bd5\u751f\u7cbe\u529b\u94bb\u7814\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5510\u7eb3\u5fb7<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u5361\u6839\uff08<\/span>Donald Kagan<\/span>\uff09\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u6168\u53f9\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u6e29\u548c\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u5145\u6ee1\u5e0c\u671b\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ea\u80fd\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7ed3\u76df\u51b3\u5b9a\u611f\u5230\u65e0\u6bd4\u7684\u60ca\u8bb6\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[123]<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u89e3\u91ca\u5747\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u62a4\u96c5\u5178\u4e0d\u53d7\u90a3\u4e9b\u53cd\u5bf9\u300a\u5c3c\u57fa\u963f\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8fdb\u653b\u3002<\/span>[124]\u4f46\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u96c5\u5178\u4e0d\u5f52\u8fd8\u6263\u62bc\u7684\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6218\u4fd8\uff0c\u800c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u53c8\u9762\u4e34\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u652f\u6301\u58a8\u4f3d\u62c9\u4eba\u3001\u73bb\u4fc4\u63d0\u4e9a\u4eba\u3001\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u4eba\u5bf9\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u8fdb\u653b\u3002\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u66f4\u5bb3\u6015\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u3002<\/span>[125]\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6269\u5927\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e0e\u5176\u76df\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u88c2\u75d5\u3002<\/span>[126]\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8054\u76df\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e0e\u5176\u76df\u56fd\u7684\u88c2\u75d5\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u65e0\u8bba\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u662f\u5426\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u88c2\u75d5\u90fd\u4f1a\u6269\u5927\u3002<\/span>[127]\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u4e3a\u96c5\u5178\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u65b0\u65bd\u884c\u5ba2\u8499\uff08<\/span>Cimon<\/span>\uff09\u5f53\u5e74\u6240\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u548c\u5e73\u5171\u5904\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5e78\u798f\u4e0e\u8363\u8000\u653f\u7b56<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/span><\/span>[128]\u4f46\u6b63\u5982\u5361\u6839\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5ba2\u8499\u63d0\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e2a\u653f\u7b56\u65f6\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u9738\u6743\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u5c1a\u672a\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>431<\/span>\u5e74\u5168\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u7ffb\u8f6c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u56de\u5f52\u5ba2\u8499\u653f\u7b56\u53d8\u5f97\u4e0d\u590d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002<\/span><\/span>[129]<\/section>\n
\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u7f57\u5bbe<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u897f\u683c\uff08<\/span>Robin Seager<\/span>\uff09\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u66f4\u5177\u542f\u53d1\u6027\uff1a\u96c5\u5178\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u540c\u610f\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ba1\u63a7\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u5176\u91cd\u542f\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u7b7e\u8ba2\u540c\u76df\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u589e\u52a0\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u638c\u6743\u8005\u8fdd\u80cc\u548c\u7ea6\u3001\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u91cd\u65b0\u5f00\u6218\u7684\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5de9\u56fa\u548c\u7ea6\u7ef4\u6301\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002<\/span><\/span>[130]\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u5728\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u660e\u786e\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u4e0e\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5e94\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5a01\u80c1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ef4\u62a4<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u548c\u5e73<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\u96c5\u5178\u56fd\u5185\u53cd\u6218\u601d\u6f6e\u6781\u5ea6\u9ad8\u6da8\u7684\u65f6\u523b\u3002<\/span><\/span>[131]\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u5f53\u65f6\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u5185\u5fe7\u5916\u60a3\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u76df\u53cb\u5bf9\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u7b7e\u8ba2\u548c\u7ea6\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6709\u591a\u4e48\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4ecd\u7136\u63d0\u51fa\u5e76\u575a\u6301\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u5c3c\u57fa\u963f\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5411\u96c5\u5178\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u5176\u671f\u76fc\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u610f\u56fe\u548c\u51b3\u5fc3\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u548c\u5e73\u4ea7\u751f\u5a01\u80c1\u3001\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u518d\u6b21\u62d6\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u73b0\u72b6\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u76df\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u963f\u5947\u8fbe\u59c6\u65af\u6218\u4e89\u6240\u6709\u53c2\u6218\u65b9\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6709\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u505c\u6218\u52a8\u673a\u3002<\/span>[132]\u300a\u5c3c\u57fa\u963f\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b7e\u8ba2\u540e\uff0c\u73bb\u4fc4\u63d0\u4e9a\uff08<\/span>Boeotia<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u3001\u7231\u5229\u65af\uff08<\/span>Elis<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u58a8\u4f3d\u62c9\u7b49\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u76df\u56fd\u5747\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u5ba3\u8a93\u548c\u6267\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/span>[133]\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5728\u5b89\u83f2\u6ce2\u5229\u65af\u4ee5\u53ca\u8272\u96f7\u65af\uff08<\/span>Thrace<\/span>\uff09\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u65b0\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u76df\u56fd\u4e5f\u62d2\u7edd\u548c\u7ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span>[134]<\/section>\n
\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76df\u56fd\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u548c\u7ea6\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u66f4\u4e3a\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e0c\u671b\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u80fd\u591f\u91cd\u65b0\u5411\u96c5\u5178\u5f00\u6218\u3002\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3a\u6025\u5207\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u3002\u6240\u6709\u4fc3\u4f7f\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>431<\/span>\u5e74\u903c\u8feb\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u53d1\u52a8\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\u65f6\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\uff1a\u6ce2\u63d0\u72c4\u4e9a\u4f9d\u7136\u5728\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\u7684\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u79d1\u57fa\u62c9\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u58a8\u4f3d\u62c9\u4f9d\u7136\u53d7\u5230\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5728\u897f\u5317\u7684\u9886\u571f\u906d\u53d7\u4e86\u635f\u5931\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u4e5f\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u6743\u529b\u88ab\u6467\u6bc1\uff0c\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u624d\u80fd\u91cd\u65b0\u83b7\u5f97\u5176\u6b64\u524d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/span><\/span>[135]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u633d\u56de\u5176\u635f\u5931\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5e0c\u671b\u5c31\u662f\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u540c\u76df\u518d\u6b21\u5411\u96c5\u5178\u5f00\u6218\uff0c\u91cd\u542f\u5bf9\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u662f\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\u540e\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/span>[136]\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u73bb\u4fc4\u63d0\u4e9a\u4eba\u540c\u6837\u5e0c\u671b\u6218\u4e89\u80fd\u591f\u7ee7\u7eed\u3002\u6839\u636e\u300a\u5c3c\u57fa\u963f\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5c06\u5e15\u90a3\u514b\u6566\uff08<\/span>Panactum<\/span>\uff09\u5f52\u8fd8\u7ed9\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\uff0c\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u96c5\u5178\u4eba\u90a3\u91cc\u5f97\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u597d\u5904\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5fb7\u91cc\u6602\u6218\u5f79\u7684\u83b7\u80dc\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u906d\u5230\u632b\u6298\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u7ee7\u7eed\u6218\u6597\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002<\/span><\/span>[137]<\/section>\n
\u5f88\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u300a\u5c3c\u57fa\u963f\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u6682\u65f6\u5f97\u4ee5\u5c65\u884c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u548c\u7ea6\u5f3a\u70c8\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u76df\u56fd\u5728\u672a\u6765\u4e5f\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u53ef\u80fd\u64ba\u6387\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u91cd\u65b0\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u5f00\u6218\uff0c\u800c\u5c4a\u65f6\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ef4\u6301\u5176\u5728\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u540c\u76df\u4e2d\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u96be\u4fdd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u518d\u6b21\u56e0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u800c\u88ab\u76df\u56fd\u91cd\u65b0\u62d6\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/span><\/span>[138]\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u76df\u53cb\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u654c\u610f\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u548c\u96c5\u5178\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u5728\u7b7e\u8ba2\u548c\u7ea6\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u53c8\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u76df\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u786e\u4fdd\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u4e0e\u548c\u5e73\u3002<\/span>[139]<\/section>\n
\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u81ea\u8eab\u5747\u65e0\u53d1\u52a8\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u610f\u613f\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u5377\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u6700\u5927\u98ce\u9669\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u81ea\u5df1\u76df\u53cb\u7684\u7275\u8fde\u3002\u800c\u8981\u60f3\u907f\u514d\u88ab\u76df\u53cb\u7275\u8fde\uff0c\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u9014\u5f84\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u81ea\u5df1\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6539\u5584\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5361\u6839\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9738\u4e3b\u5173\u7cfb\u6076\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9738\u4e3b\u5fc3\u6000\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u5c0f\u56fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bfb\u6c42\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u9738\u4e3b\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u5c06\u589e\u52a0\u53cc\u65b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\uff1b\u800c\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u9738\u4e3b\u5173\u7cfb\u878d\u6d3d\u65f6\uff0c\u5219\u4e24\u56fd\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6309\u7167\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u610f\u613f\u5904\u7f6e\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u76df\u90a6\u3002<\/span>[140]\u7b80\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u5dee\uff0c\u5219\u5c0f\u56fd\u9009\u62e9\u4f59\u5730\u5927\uff0c\u5728\u6743\u529b\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u53d7\u81ea\u5df1\u76df\u56fd\u610f\u613f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5c31\u5927\uff1b\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u597d\uff0c\u5219\u5c0f\u56fd\u9009\u62e9\u4f59\u5730\u5c0f\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u81ea\u4e3b\u6027\u9ad8\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u548c\u96c5\u5178\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u654c\u5bf9\u7684\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u62d6\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/span>[141]<\/section>\n
\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u624d\u80fd\u8ba9\u53cc\u65b9\u76df\u56fd\u90fd\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u6539\u5584\u548c\u4fdd\u6301\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u51b3\u5fc3\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8ba9\u5b83\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u51b3\u5fc3\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u4e5f\u6700\u6709\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c31\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u516c\u5f00\u7b7e\u8ba2\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u53cc\u8fb9\u540c\u76df\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u7b7e\u8ba2\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540c\u76df\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u671f\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u906d\u9047\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5165\u4fb5\u65f6\u5bf9\u65b9\u771f\u7684\u4f1a\u51fa\u5175\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u76df\u7ea6\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u91ca\u653e\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u5f53\u524d\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u72b6\u6001\u5f97\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u897f\u683c\u6240\u8bf4\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u540c\u76df<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4fdd\u9669\u6027\u653f\u7b56\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u627f\u8bfa<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>[142]\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u548c\u96c5\u5178\u7684\u8fd9\u6b21\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u4e5f\u7684\u786e\uff08\u5728\u77ed\u65f6\u671f\u5185\uff09\u8d77\u5230\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u76df\u53cb\u6311\u52a8\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u5f00\u6218\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u5e0c\u814a\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5934\u53f7<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u5206\u5b50<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u53e6\u8d77\u7089\u7076\uff0c\u6e38\u8bf4\u963f\u5c14\u6208\u65af\u548c\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u8054\u76df\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u6210\u5458\u7ec4\u5efa\u65b0\u7684\u540c\u76df\u3002<\/span><\/span>[143]<\/section>\n

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6<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u664b\u695a\u540c\u76df<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u5728\u5386\u65f6\u4e09\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u6625\u79cb\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7ade\u4e89\u662f\u5927\u56fd\u4e89\u9738\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u548c\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6625\u79cb\u53f2\u7684\u4e2d\u575a\u3002<\/span>[144]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>632<\/span>\u5e74\u57ce\u6fee\u4e4b\u6218\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>546<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5f2d\u5175\u4e4b\u4f1a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684<\/span>80<\/span>\u591a\u5e74\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u57fa\u672c\u5904\u4e8e\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002<\/span><\/span>[145]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup><\/section>\n
\u6625\u79cb\u65f6\u4ee3\u548c\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u5e38\u5e38\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7edf\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6625\u79cb\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u79f0\u5bb9\u6613\u4f7f\u4eba\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a\u6625\u79cb\u548c\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u662f\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7684\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5145\u6ee1\u80cc\u53db\u3001\u6740\u622e\u548c\u9886\u571f\u517c\u5e76\u7684\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6625\u79cb\u548c\u6218\u56fd\u4f53\u7cfb\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u90fd\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5c31\u662f\u5927\u56fd\u5bf9\u5916\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u3002\u5728\u6625\u79cb\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6625\u79cb\u4e2d\u671f\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5468\u793c\u7684\u89c4\u8303\u4f5c\u7528\u4ee5\u53ca\u5468\u5929\u5b50\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5929\u4e0b\u5171\u4e3b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5728\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[146]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u5bf9\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u5927\u7684\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u751f\u5b58\u5b89\u5168\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/span>[147]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u5728\u6625\u79cb\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u5bf9\u5916\u51b3\u7b56\u51e0\u4e4e\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u81ea\u8eab\u751f\u5b58\u5b89\u5168\u4e3a\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6625\u79cb\u65f6\u671f\u5927\u56fd\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u517c\u5e76\u4ed6\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>598<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u9648\u56fd\u5927\u592b\u590f\u5f81\u8212\u5f11\u541b\uff0c\u695a\u5e84\u738b\u4e8e\u662f\u8d77\u5175\u8ba8\u4f10\u9648\u56fd\u5e73\u4e71\uff0c\u5c06\u9648\u56fd\u517c\u5e76\u4e3a\u695a\u56fd\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u53bf\u3002\u5927\u592b\u7533\u53d4\u529d\u8c0f\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u590f\u5f81\u8212\u5f11\u5176\u541b\uff0c\u5176\u7f6a\u5927\u77e3\u3002\u8ba8\u800c\u622e\u4e4b\uff0c\u541b\u4e4b\u4e49\u4e5f<\/span>\u2026\u2026<\/span>\u8bf8\u4faf\u4e4b\u4ece\u4e5f\uff0c\u66f0<\/span>\u2018<\/span>\u8ba8\u6709\u7f6a\u4e5f<\/span>\u2019<\/span>\u3002\u4eca\u53bf\u9648\uff0c\u8d2a\u5176\u5bcc\u4e5f\u3002\u4ee5\u8ba8\u53ec\u8bf8\u4faf\uff0c\u800c\u4ee5\u8d2a\u5f52\u4e4b\uff0c\u65e0\u4e43\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e4e\uff1f<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[148]<\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/span>\u695a\u5e84\u738b\u542c\u4ece\u4e86\u529d\u8c0f\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u91cd\u5c01\u4e86\u9648\u56fd\u3002\u5728\u695a\u56fd\u6b66\u529b\u6b63\u76db\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u5c06\u9648\u56fd\u5b8c\u5168\u653b\u9677\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c45\u7136\u4ecd\u80fd\u7518\u613f\u8ba9\u9648\u56fd\u590d\u56fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u50cf\u695a\u56fd\u8fd9\u6837\u4e0d\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5468\u738b\u5ba4\u5206\u5c01\u3001\u800c\u4e14\u957f\u671f\u5949\u884c\u8fdb\u653b\u6027\u6218\u7565\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5316\u5916<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u4e4b\u56fd\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4ee5\u517c\u5e76\u4ed6\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u4e3a\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u6625\u79cb\u65f6\u671f\u5927\u56fd\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u65e2\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u672c\u56fd\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u517c\u5e76\u9886\u571f\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e89\u593a\u4f53\u7cfb\u9738\u6743\uff0c<\/span>[149]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u4e89\u53d6\u66f4\u591a\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u8ffd\u968f\u548c\u81e3\u670d\uff0c\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u5a01\u671b\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6625\u79cb\u65f6\u671f\u5927\u56fd\u5bf9\u5916\u6218\u7565\u7684\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u4e3b\u8981\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u6027\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u6743\u529b\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u8c61\u5f81\u6027\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0e\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u5927\u56fd\u6218\u4e89\u4ee5\u517c\u5e76\u4ed6\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u4e3a\u7b2c\u4e00\u76ee\u7684<\/span>[150]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u6709\u7740\u91cd\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5177\u4f53\u5230\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\uff0c\u5728\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u6743\u529b\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u9a71\u4f7f\u4e0b\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u5d1b\u8d77\u4e3a\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e24<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6781<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u4e24\u56fd\u90fd\u60f3\u5c06\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7eb3\u5165\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f00\u59cb\u9891\u7e41\u56e0\u4e89\u593a\u5c0f\u56fd\u800c\u9677\u5165\u51b2\u7a81\u3002\u4ece\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>632<\/span>\u5e74\u5230\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>579<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5f2d\u5175\u4e4b\u4f1a\u664b\u695a\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u5148\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4e24\u6b21\u6709\u5168\u5c40\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u4f1a\u6218\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u6b21\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u539f\u56e0\u90fd\u662f\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u5bf9\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u63f4\u52a9\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>634<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5b8b\u56fd\u53db\u695a\u6295\u664b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5f15\u8d77\u695a\u56fd\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>633<\/span>\u5e74\u51ac\uff0c\u695a\u738b\u4eb2\u5f81\uff0c\u5e26\u9886\u90d1\u3001\u9648\u3001\u8521\u3001\u8bb8\u7b49\u56fd\u519b\u961f\u56f4\u653b\u5b8b\u56fd\uff0c\u5b8b\u56fd\u9042\u5411\u664b\u56fd\u6c42\u6551\u3002\u664b\u5927\u592b\u5148\u8f78\u5bf9\u664b\u6587\u516c\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u62a5\u65bd\u6551\u60a3\uff0c\u53d6\u5a01\u5b9a\u9738\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4e4e\u5728\u77e3\uff01<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[151]<\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u664b\u56fd\u51b3\u7b56\u5c42\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f88\u654f\u9510\u5730\u5c06\u5bf9\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6551\u60a3<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b9a\u9738<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u5728\u786e\u7acb\u4e86<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6551\u5b8b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6218\u7565\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u664b\u56fd\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u5927\u592b\u72d0\u5043\u53c8\u5411\u664b\u6587\u516c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6551\u5b8b\u7b56\u7565\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u695a\u59cb\u5f97\u66f9\u800c\u65b0\u660f\u4e8e\u536b\uff0c\u82e5\u4f10\u66f9\u3001\u536b\uff0c\u695a\u5fc5\u6551\u4e4b\uff0c\u5219\u9f50\u3001\u5b8b\u514d\u77e3\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[152]<\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/span>\u5373\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e\u695a\u56fd\u4ea4\u6218\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8fdb\u653b\u695a\u56fd\u7684\u5c5e\u56fd\uff0c\u8feb\u4f7f\u695a\u56fd\u81ea\u6551\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u664b\u56fd\u5bf9\u66f9\u536b\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u695a\u56fd\u5374\u4e0d\u4e3a\u6240\u52a8\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u52a0\u7d27\u4e86\u5bf9\u5b8b\u56fd\u7684\u653b\u52bf\u3002\u5b8b\u56fd\u4e8e\u662f\u518d\u6b21\u5411\u664b\u56fd\u544a\u6025\u3002\u664b\u6587\u516c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5c1a\u672a\u83b7\u5f97\u9f50\u3001\u79e6\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ecd\u4e0d\u6562\u8f7b\u6613\u4e0e\u695a\u56fd\u51b3\u88c2\u3002\u5148\u8f78\u4e8e\u662f\u732e\u7b56\uff0c\u8c0b\u6c42\u9f50\u3001\u79e6\u4e24\u56fd\u4e0e\u664b\u8054\u5408\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9762\u5bf9\u664b\u56fd\u7684\u4e3e\u52a8\uff0c\u695a\u56fd\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u9000\u7f29\u3002\u695a\u738b\u547d\u8fdb\u5165\u9f50\u56fd\u7684\u695a\u519b\u64a4\u9000\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u547d\u4ee4\u5c39\u5b50\u7389\u4e5f\u79bb\u5f00\u9f50\u56fd\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u4e0e\u664b\u56fd\u6b63\u9762\u5bf9\u6297\u3002\u4f46\u5b50\u7389\u4e0d\u80af\u653e\u5f03\uff0c\u6d3e\u4f7f\u81e3\u5bf9\u664b\u6587\u516c\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8bf7\u590d\u536b\u4faf\u800c\u5c01\u66f9\u4f2f\uff0c\u5219\u695a\u4ea6\u91ca\u5b8b\u4e4b\u56f4\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[153]<\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/span>\u695a\u65b9\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u59a5\u534f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u664b\u56fd\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u653b\u6253\u66f9\u3001\u536b\uff0c\u5176\u521d\u8877\u5c31\u662f\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b8b\u56fd\u4e0d\u88ab\u695a\u56fd\u56f4\u653b\u3002\u4f46\u664b\u6587\u516c\u9762\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u63d0\u8bae\u9887\u611f\u4e24\u96be\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e00\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u66f9\u3001\u536b\u4e43\u81f3\u5b8b\u90fd\u4f1a\u611f\u6069\u4e8e\u695a\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u679c\u62d2\u7edd\u8fd9\u4e00\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u4e09\u56fd\u90fd\u4f1a\u6028\u6068\u664b\u56fd\u800c\u5012\u5411\u695a\u56fd\u4e00\u8fb9\u3002<\/span>[154]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u6b63\u5982\u5148\u8f78\u5411\u664b\u6587\u516c\u6240\u5206\u6790\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u695a\u4e00\u8a00\u800c\u5b9a\u4e09\u56fd\uff0c\u6211\u4e00\u8a00\u800c\u4ea1\u4e4b\u3002\u4e0d\u8bb8\u695a\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u5f03\u5b8b\u4e5f\uff1b\u6551\u800c\u5f03\u4e4b\uff0c\u8c13\u8bf8\u4faf\u4f55\uff1f\u695a\u6709\u4e09\u65bd\uff0c\u6211\u6709\u4e09\u6028\uff1b\u4ec7\u96e0\u5df2\u591a\uff0c\u5c06\u4f55\u4ee5\u6218\uff1f<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[155]<\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/span>\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u664b\u56fd\u51b3\u7b56\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u8003\u8651\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u503e\u5411\u548c\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u58f0\u671b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u664b\u6587\u516c\u968f\u5373\u63a5\u53d7\u5148\u8f78\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u6697\u4e2d\u8bb8\u8bfa\u66f9\u3001\u536b\u590d\u56fd\uff0c\u4e89\u53d6\u8fd9\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u5f52\u9644\u3002\u679c\u7136\u66f9\u3001\u536b\u5411\u695a\u56fd\u544a\u7edd\u3002<\/span>[156]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u8fd9\u4e00\u7b56\u7565\u56fa\u7136\u80fd\u591f\u65e2\u4e0d\u653e\u5f03\u5bf9\u5b8b\u56fd\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u548c\u7b3c\u7edc\uff0c\u53c8\u4ee4\u66f9\u3001\u536b\u4e24\u56fd\u611f\u6069\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6028\u6068\u664b\u56fd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5de9\u56fa\u548c\u6269\u5927\u664b\u56fd\u5728\u5c0f\u56fd\u4e2d\u7684\u5a01\u4fe1\uff0c\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7b56\u7565\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u5373\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u76f4\u63a5\u5f00\u6218\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u5728\u72d0\u5043\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u529d\u8bf4\u4e0b\uff0c\u664b\u6587\u516c\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u51b3\u5fc3\u4e0e\u695a\u4e00\u6218\u3002<\/span>[157]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>632<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u57ce\u6fee\u5f00\u6218\uff0c\u53f2\u79f0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u57ce\u6fee\u4e4b\u6218<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u695a\u519b\u5927\u8d25\uff0c\u968f\u540e\u664b\u6587\u516c\u5728\u8df5\u571f\u53ec\u5f00\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5468\u5929\u5b50\u4eb2\u81ea\u8385\u4f1a\uff0c\u90d1\u3001\u536b\u7b49\u539f\u5148\u4f9d\u9644\u695a\u56fd\u7684\u8bf8\u4faf\u4e5f\u5411\u664b\u56fd\u6c42\u548c\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u664b\u6587\u516c\u7531\u6b64\u6210\u4e3a\u8bf8\u4faf\u76df\u4e3b\u3002<\/span><\/span>[158]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup><\/section>\n
\u57ce\u6fee\u4e4b\u6218\u662f\u6625\u79cb\u4f53\u7cfb\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u56fd\u4e0e\u5927\u56fd\u95f4\u7684\u4e89\u9738\u6218\u5f79\u3002\u8fd9\u573a\u6218\u5f79\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5c0f\u56fd\u5bf9\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u7275\u8fde\uff1a\u9762\u5bf9\u695a\u56fd\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u81e3\u670d\u4e8e\u664b\u56fd\u7684\u5b8b\u56fd\u5411\u5176\u76df\u4e3b\u6c42\u63f4\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u664b\u56fd\u62d6\u5165\u4e0e\u695a\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u53cc\u65b9\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u90fd\u4e0d\u613f\u4e0e\u5bf9\u65b9\u53d1\u751f\u76f4\u63a5\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u6743\u529b\u548c\u5730\u4f4d\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u9a71\u4f7f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u9677\u5165<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8fd9\u573a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8ba1\u5212\u5916<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u6218\u5f79\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u9664\u4e86\u5b8b\u56fd\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u90d1\u56fd\u662f\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u4e89\u593a\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7126\u70b9\uff0c\u90d1\u56fd\u4e5f\u7ecf\u5e38\u5728\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u6765\u56de\u5012\u6208\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>597<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u695a\u5e84\u738b\u4e3a\u8feb\u4f7f\u90d1\u56fd\u5f7b\u5e95\u81e3\u670d\u4e8e\u695a\u56fd\uff0c\u8d77\u5175\u56f4\u56f0\u90d1\u56fd\u3002\u664b\u56fd\u95fb\u8baf\u8d77\u5175\u6551\u90d1\u3002\u4f46\u664b\u519b\u521a\u5230\u8fbe\u9ec4\u6cb3\u5317\u5cb8\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u90d1\u56fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0e\u695a\u5abe\u548c\uff0c\u695a\u519b\u5728\u90d4\u5730\u9a7b\u519b\u5c01\u9501\u9ec4\u6cb3\u6e21\u53e3\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\u664b\u519b\u5185\u90e8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u662f\u5426\u8fd8\u8981\u7ee7\u7eed\u53d1\u5175\u6551\u90d1\u800c\u4e0e\u695a\u56fd\u5f00\u6218\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u4e2d\u519b\u7edf\u5e05\u8340\u6797\u7236\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u65e0\u53ca\u4e8e\u90d1\u800c\u527f\u6c11\uff0c\u7109\u7528\u4e4b\uff1f\u695a\u5f52\u800c\u52a8\uff0c\u4e0d\u540e\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[159]<\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/span>\u4e0a\u519b\u7edf\u5e05\u58eb\u4f1a\u4e5f\u8d5e\u6210\u4e0d\u4e0e\u695a\u56fd\u5f00\u6218\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4f1a\u95fb\u7528\u5e08\uff0c\u89c2\u8845\u800c\u52a8\u3002\u5fb7\u5211\u653f\u4e8b\u5178\u793c\u4e0d\u6613\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u654c\u4e5f\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e3a\u662f\u5f81<\/span>\u2026\u2026<\/span>\u5fb7\u7acb\uff0c\u5211\u884c\uff0c\u653f\u6210\uff0c\u4e8b\u65f6\uff0c\u5178\u4ece\uff0c\u793c\u987a\uff0c\u82e5\u4e4b\u4f55\u654c\u4e4b\uff1f\u89c1\u53ef\u800c\u8fdb\uff0c\u77e5\u96be\u800c\u9000\uff0c\u519b\u4e4b\u5584\u653f\u4e5f\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[160]<\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/span>\u7136\u800c\u4e2d\u519b\u4f50\u5c06\u5148\u7e20\u529b\u4e3b\u8fdb\u5175\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7531\u6211\u5931\u9738\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u6b7b\u3002\u4e14\u6210\u5e08\u4ee5\u51fa\uff0c\u95fb\u654c\u5f3a\u800c\u9000\uff0c\u975e\u592b\u4e5f\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[161]<\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/span>\u5728\u5176\u5e26\u52a8\u4e0b\uff0c\u664b\u519b\u51b3\u610f\u4e0e\u695a\u4e00\u6218\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u90b2\u5730\u5f00\u6218\uff0c\u53f2\u79f0<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u90b2\u4e4b\u6218<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u695a\u519b\u5927\u80dc\uff0c\u90d1\u3001\u8bb8\u7b49\u56fd\u90fd\u5f52\u9644\u4e8e\u695a\u3002<\/span><\/span>[162]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup><\/section>\n
\u57ce\u6fee\u4e4b\u6218\u548c\u90b2\u4e4b\u6218\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u5c0f\u56fd\u6539\u53d8\u6240\u5c5e\u9635\u8425\u800c\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u6b21\u6218\u5f79\u4e2d\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u90fd\u9762\u4e34\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4e24\u96be\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u4e3a\u5c0f\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u5c31\u5c06\u5931\u53bb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76df\u56fd\u7684\u5f52\u9644\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5931\u53bb\u6218\u7565\u4fe1\u8a89\u548c\u5728\u8bf8\u4faf\u4e2d\u7684\u5a01\u671b\uff1b\u800c\u5982\u679c\u4e3a\u5176\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u5219\u5c06\u4e0e\u5bf9\u65b9\u53d1\u751f\u76f4\u63a5\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u627f\u62c5\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6218\u8d25\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u83b7\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6743\u529b\u5927<\/span>\/<\/span>\u5c0f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6096\u8bba\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u6700\u7ec8\u90fd\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u63a5\u8fde\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u5e76\u672a\u7ed9\u664b\u695a\u53cc\u65b9\u9020\u6210\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u6253\u51fb\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u96be\u4ee5\u83b7\u5f97\u5bf9\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u538b\u5012\u6027\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c<\/span>[163]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u4f46\u540c\u65f6\u6218\u4e89\u53c8\u5bf9\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6d88\u8017\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u664b\u56fd\u4e3b\u52a8\u63d0\u51fa\u4e0e\u695a\u56fd\u8bb2\u548c\u3002<\/span>[164]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>579<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u5b8b\u56fd\u5927\u592b\u534e\u5143\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u65a1\u65cb\u4e0b\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u5b8b\u56fd\u897f\u95e8\u5916\u4e3e\u884c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f2d\u5175\u4e4b\u4f1a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u505c\u6218\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u8fd8\u7b7e\u8ba2\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u540c\u76df\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u76df\u7ea6\u660e\u786e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u51e1\u664b\u3001\u695a\u65e0\u76f8\u52a0\u620e\uff0c\u597d\u6076\u540c\u4e4b\uff0c\u540c\u6064\u83d1\u5371\uff0c\u5907\u6551\u51f6\u60a3\u3002\u82e5\u6709\u5bb3\u695a\uff0c\u5219\u664b\u4f10\u4e4b\uff1b\u5728\u664b\uff0c\u695a\u4ea6\u5982\u4e4b<\/span>\u2026\u2026<\/span>\u6709\u6e1d\u6b64\u76df\uff0c\u660e\u795e\u6b9b\u4e4b\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[165]<\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/span>\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e0e\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u540c\u76df\u6761\u7ea6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u5982\u51fa\u4e00\u8f99\uff0c\u4ee5\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u773c\u5149\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u662f\u5178\u578b\u7684\u9632\u5fa1\u6027\u4e92\u52a9\u540c\u76df\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e0e\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u6240\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u73af\u5883\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u5728\u664b\u695a\u6240\u5904\u7684\u6625\u79cb\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u540c\u65f6\u6784\u6210\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4ece\u5e94\u5bf9\u5171\u540c\u5a01\u80c1\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7b7e\u8ba2\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e92\u52a9\u4e49\u52a1\u660e\u786e\u7684\u540c\u76df\u6761\u7ea6\u3002\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u540c\u76df\u5173\u7cfb\u80fd\u591f\u5411\u5c0f\u56fd\u91ca\u653e\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u53cc\u8fb9\u5173\u7cfb\u6539\u5584\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u5c0f\u56fd\u5229\u7528\u5927\u56fd\u77db\u76fe\u800c\u5c06\u5927\u56fd\u62d6\u5165\u76f4\u63a5\u519b\u4e8b\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u6b21\u664b\u695a\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6548\u679c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u9884\u671f\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u597d\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>575<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u90d1\u56fd\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u53db\u664b\u6295\u695a\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u53d1\u5175\u5165\u4fb5\u664b\u56fd\u7684\u5c5e\u56fd\u5b8b\u56fd\u3002\u664b\u56fd\u4e2d\u519b\u7edf\u5e05\u683e\u4e66\u529b\u4e3b\u51fa\u5175\u4f10\u90d1\u6551\u5b8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e0d\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f53\u543e\u4e16\u800c\u5931\u8bf8\u4faf\uff0c\u5fc5\u4f10\u90d1\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[166]<\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/span>\u664b\u5389\u516c\u4e8e\u662f\u53d1\u52a8\u5927\u5175\u8ba8\u90d1\u3002\u90d1\u56fd\u968f\u5373\u5411\u695a\u56fd\u6c42\u52a9\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u664b\u56fd\u7684\u8fdb\u653b\uff0c\u695a\u56fd\u4e00\u5ea6\u72b9\u8c6b\u662f\u5426\u8981\u8fdd\u80cc\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5f2d\u5175\u4e4b\u4f1a\u7684\u76df\u8a93\u53bb\u6551\u90d1\u56fd\u3002\u5927\u81e3\u5b50\u53cd\u529b\u4e3b\u6551\u90d1\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u90d1\u6025\u800c\u544a\u6211\uff0c\u82e5\u4e0d\u4e4b\u6551\uff0c\u5219\u65e0\u4ee5\u8bcf\u6765\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>[167]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u695a\u5171\u738b\u51b3\u5b9a\u4eb2\u5f81\u6551\u90d1\u3002\u5f53\u5e74\u590f\u5929\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u53cc\u65b9\u519b\u961f\u5728\u9122\u9675\u5f00\u6218\uff0c<\/span>[168]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5f2d\u5175\u4e4b\u4f1a\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u5f2d\u5175\u534f\u8bae\u548c\u76df\u7ea6\u5ba3\u544a\u7834\u88c2\u3002\u4ece\u695a\u56fd\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u4f9d\u636e\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5176\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u80cc\u53db\u76df\u7ea6\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6709\u7ef4\u62a4\u5176\u5bf9\u90d1\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u7565\u4fe1\u8a89\u7684\u8003\u8651\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u4e89\u53d6\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u81e3\u670d\u81ea\u5df1\uff08<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8bcf\u6765\u8005<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u695a\u56fd\u81ea\u8eab\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u6539\u53d8\u73b0\u72b6\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u664b\u695a\u5f2d\u5175\u548c\u540c\u76df\u7684\u7ef4\u6301\u3002\u8981\u60f3\u66f4\u7a33\u5b9a\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u5f2d\u5175\u548c\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u5728<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u5bfb\u627e\u5230\u67d0\u79cd\u8865\u5145\u6027\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u53cc\u65b9\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5f53\u65f6\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u6240\u5904\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u56fd\u5185\u5f62\u52bf\u4e5f\u8feb\u4f7f\u4e24\u56fd\u5fc5\u9700\u5c3d\u5feb\u627e\u5230\u7ef4\u6301\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u6709\u6548\u673a\u5236\u3002\u6709\u7edf\u8ba1\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u57ce\u6fee\u4e4b\u6218\u81f3\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5f2d\u5175\u4e4b\u4f1a\u95f4\u5927\u5c0f\u6218\u4e89\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u51b2\u7a81\u6709<\/span>20<\/span>\u4f59\u6b21\u3002<\/span><\/span>[169]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u957f\u671f\u800c\u9891\u7e41\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u4ee4\u5404\u56fd\u90fd\u627f\u53d7\u7740\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u90d1\u3001\u5b8b\u7b49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u4e89\u593a\u7126\u70b9\u7684\u5c0f\u56fd\u9971\u53d7\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u837c\u6bd2\u3002<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u4eba\u4e0d\u83b7\u4eab\u5176\u571f\u5229\uff0c\u592b\u5987\u8f9b\u82e6\u57ab\u9698\uff0c\u65e0\u6240\u5e95\u544a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c<\/span><\/span>[170]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u201c<\/span>\u6c11\u6b7b\u4ea1\u8005\uff0c\u975e\u5176\u7236\u5144\uff0c\u5373\u5176\u5b50\u5f1f\uff0c\u592b\u4eba\u6101\u75db\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u6240\u5e87<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>[171]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u505c\u6b62\u6218\u4e89\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4e3b\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u6f6e\u3002\u664b\u56fd\u5927\u592b\u97e9\u5ba3\u5b50\u5c31\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5175\uff0c\u6c11\u4e4b\u6b8b\u4e5f\uff0c\u8d22\u7528\u4e4b\u8839\uff0c\u5c0f\u56fd\u4e4b\u5927\u83d1\u4e5f\u3002\u5c06\u6216\u5f2d\u4e4b\uff0c\u867d\u66f0\u4e0d\u53ef\uff0c\u5fc5\u5c06\u8bb8\u4e4b\u3002\u5f17\u8bb8\uff0c\u695a\u5c06\u8bb8\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ec\u8bf8\u4faf\uff0c\u5219\u6211\u5931\u4e3a\u76df\u4e3b\u77e3\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span>[172]<\/span><\/sup><\/sup><\/span>\u53ef\u89c1\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u5426<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f2d\u5175<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5df2\u7ecf\u5173\u7cfb\u5230\u6c11\u5fc3\u5411\u80cc\u548c\u9738\u6743\u7684\u5f97\u5931\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u664b\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u516c\u5ba4\u6743\u529b\u65e5\u76ca\u8870\u5fae\uff0c\u537f\u5927\u592b\u52bf\u529b\u65e5\u76ca\u81a8\u80c0\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u6743\u529b\u4e89\u593a\u65e5\u8d8b\u5c16\u9510\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u7cbe\u529b\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5916\u4e89\u9738\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u664b<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b9e\u4e0d\u80fd\u5fa1\u695a\uff0c\u53c8\u4e0d\u80fd\u5e87\u90d1<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>[173]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u695a\u56fd\u5219\u9762\u4e34\u4fa7\u540e\u65b9\u65e5\u76ca\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u5434\u56fd\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/span>[174]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u5728\u5185\u5916\u90e8\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5171\u540c\u4f5c\u7528\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u90fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0e\u5bf9\u65b9\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u6210\u672c\u8d85\u8fc7\u4e86\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4e24\u56fd\u90fd\u63a5\u53d7\u4e86\u5b8b\u56fd\u6267\u653f\u5411\u620c\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u518d\u6b21\u5c31\u5f2d\u5175\u8fbe\u6210\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>546<\/span>\u5e74\u590f\uff0c\u664b\u3001\u695a\u3001\u9f50\u3001\u79e6\u3001\u9c81\u3001\u5b8b\u3001\u90d1\u7b49<\/span>14<\/span>\u4e2a\u5927\u5c0f\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u5728\u5b8b\u56fd\u53ec\u5f00\u89c4\u6a21\u7a7a\u524d\u7684\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u95f4\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5546\u5b9a\u664b\u695a\u5f2d\u5175\uff0c\u53f2\u79f0\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5f2d\u5175\u4e4b\u4f1a<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u6b64\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e2d\uff0c\u695a\u56fd\u5728\u4e24\u56fd\u5f2d\u5175\u548c\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u8bf7\u664b\u3001\u695a\u4e4b\u4ece\u4ea4\u76f8\u89c1\u4e5f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u5373\u8ba9\u664b\u56fd\u7684\u5c5e\u56fd\u4eca\u540e\u4e5f\u8981\u5230\u695a\u56fd\u53bb\u671d\u89d0\uff0c\u695a\u56fd\u7684\u5c5e\u56fd\u4e5f\u987b\u5230\u664b\u56fd\u53bb\u671d\u89d0\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5efa\u8bae\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u662f\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u5171\u540c\u5bf9\u5168\u4f53\u5c0f\u56fd\u4eab\u6709\u9886\u5bfc\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u518d\u533a\u5206\u54ea\u4e9b\u5c0f\u56fd\u662f\u664b\u56fd\u7684\u5c5e\u56fd\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u5c0f\u56fd\u662f\u695a\u56fd\u7684\u5c5e\u56fd\u3002\u664b\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u63d0\u8bae\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6307\u51fa\u9f50\u3001\u79e6\u4e24\u56fd\u5e94\u8be5\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\u4e24\u56fd\u7ea6\u5b9a\uff0c\u9664\u9f50\u3001\u79e6\u4e24\u56fd\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u987b\u4e24\u9762\u671d\u89d0\u3002<\/span><\/span>[175]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u968f\u540e\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u8fd8\u66fe\u4e00\u5ea6\u4e3a\u6b43\u8840\u76df\u8a93\u7684\u5148\u540e\u4ea7\u751f\u8fc7\u4e89\u6267\u3002\u664b\u56fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u664b\u56fa\u4e3a\u8bf8\u4faf\u76df\u4e3b\uff0c\u672a\u6709\u5148\u664b\u8005\u4e5f\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u695a\u56fd\u5219\u8868\u793a\uff1a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b50\u8a00\u664b\u3001\u695a\u5339\u4e5f\uff0c\u82e5\u664b\u5e38\u5148\uff0c\u662f\u695a\u5f31\u4e5f\u3002\u4e14\u664b\u3001\u695a\u72ce\u4e3b\u8bf8\u4faf\u4e4b\u76df\u4e5f\u4e45\u77e3\uff01\u5c82\u4e13\u5728\u664b\uff1f<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6700\u7ec8\u664b\u56fd\u540c\u610f\u8ba9\u695a\u56fd\u5148\u6b43\u3002<\/span><\/span>[176]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup><\/section>\n
\u4ece\u8fd9\u6b21\u5f2d\u5175\u4e4b\u4f1a\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd8\u662f\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u90fd\u5c06\u664b\u695a\u89c6\u4e3a\u52bf\u5747\u529b\u654c\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u3002\u800c\u8fd9\u6b21\u5f2d\u5175\u4e4b\u4f1a\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u540c\u627f\u8ba4\u4e86\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u6218\u7565\u5747\u52bf\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u7531\u8fd9\u4e24\u56fd\u5171\u4eab\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u9738\u6743\u3002<\/span>[177]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup>\u4f9d\u636e\u6b64\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u6240\u6709\u5c0f\u56fd\u90fd\u5c06\u65e2\u662f\u695a\u56fd\u7684\u76df\u56fd\u4e5f\u662f\u664b\u56fd\u7684\u76df\u56fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65b0\u589e\u534f\u8bae\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u5373\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u76df\u964d\u4f4e\u56e0\u5c0f\u56fd\u800c\u5377\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u98ce\u9669\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u81e3\u670d\uff0c\u8fd9\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6291\u5236\u4e86\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u81ea\u5df1\u6539\u53d8\u73b0\u72b6\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u3002\u4ece\u540e\u7eed\u53f2\u5b9e\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u52a0\u5f3a\u7248\u7684\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u7ef4\u6301\u5927\u56fd\u548c\u5e73\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u76f4\u5230\u6625\u79cb\u672b\u5e74\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u4e2d\u539f\u518d\u672a\u53d1\u751f\u8fc7\u5927\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/span>[178]<\/span><\/sup><\/span><\/sup><\/section>\n

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7<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u7ed3   \u8bba<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
\u5b66\u672f\u521b\u65b0\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f53\u73b0\u662f\u5b83\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u4eba\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u6b64\u524d\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u4f1a\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6709\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u51b7\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u7f8e\u82cf\u4e24\u56fd\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6ca1\u6709\u7ed3\u76df\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6839\u636e\u73b0\u6709\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e3a\u96f6\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5219\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0d\u592a\u5927\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b58\u5728\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u751f\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u673a\u5236\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6240\u9700\u6761\u4ef6\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e25\u683c\uff09\u3002\u4ece\u672c\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u72b6\u6001\u6216\u8bb8\u96be\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u957f\u671f\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u7a33\u5b9a\u5ef6\u7eed\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b83\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5c31\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u81f3\u5c11\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e09\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u542f\u53d1\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e00\u662f\u8054\u76df\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bae\u9898\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u8054\u76df\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u70ed\u95e8\u8bae\u9898\u3002\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u4e00\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4eec\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u73b0\u6709\u7406\u89e3\u5df2\u7ecf\u8db3\u591f\u8986\u76d6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8054\u76df\u8d77\u6e90\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u793a\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u7c7b\u51e0\u4e4e\u5b8c\u5168\u672a\u88ab\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8054\u76df\u8d77\u6e90\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u8054\u76df\u8d77\u6e90\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4e8c\u662f\u5927\u56fd\u6743\u529b\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u73b0\u6709\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u5927\u56fd\u6743\u529b\u7ade\u4e89\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u5927\u90fd\u662f\u7ebf\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u5bf9\u7ade\u4e89\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u9884\u6d4b\u5927\u90fd\u662f\u5bbf\u547d\u8bba\u5f0f\u7684\u3002\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u591a\u6837\u6027\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\uff1a\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u60b2\u5267<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5f00\u7aef\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u559c\u5267<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u6536\u5c3e\u3002\u4e09\u662f\u5bf9\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7406\u8bba\u5bf9\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u51e0\u4e4e\u538b\u5012\u6027\u5730\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7f8e\u82cf\u51b7\u6218\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u5b64\u4f8b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>[179]\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u8c01\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7f8e\u82cf\u51b7\u6218\u8fd9\u56db\u5341\u4f59\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5c31\u4e00\u5b9a\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u66f4\u5177\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u548c\u666e\u9002\u6027\uff1f\u8c01\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u7f8e\u82cf\u51b7\u6218\u4e0d\u4f1a\u662f\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u7279\u4f8b<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff1f<\/span><\/span>[180]\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u73b0\u6709\u7406\u89e3\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u8fdc\u6ca1\u6709\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u524d\u4ee5\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\u5168\u9762\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4f53\u7cfb\u65e5\u76ca\u4e24\u6781\u5316\u7684\u5f53\u4e0b\uff0c\u66f4\u65b0\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u6570\u636e\u548c\u7406\u8bba\u6b63\u6108\u53d1\u663e\u5f97\u91cd\u8981\u548c\u7d27\u8feb\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u673a\u5236\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u4e2d\u7f8e\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u9996\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u65ad\u8a00\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u672a\u6765\u4e00\u5b9a\u4f1a\u7ed3\u76df\u6216\u8005\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e2d\u7f8e\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u56fe\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e24\u56fd\u51b3\u7b56\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6291\u5236\u5bf9\u6297\u51b2\u52a8\u3001\u52a0\u5f3a\u53cc\u8fb9\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u964d\u4f4e\u5c0f\u56fd\u56e0\u4e2d\u7f8e\u51b2\u7a81\u800c\u5c06\u4e24\u56fd\u62d6\u5165\u66f4\u5927\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u4e3a\u4e50\u89c2\u5730\u770b\u5f85\u6240\u8c13\u7684<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4fee\u6614\u5e95\u5fb7\u9677\u9631<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff1a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u4e0e\u5927\u56fd\u95f4\u6218\u4e89\u6210\u672c\u6781\u5176\u9ad8\u6602\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e2d\u7f8e\u56e0\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u56e0\u7d20\u800c\u88ab\u62d6\u5165<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u4fee\u6614\u5e95\u5fb7\u9677\u9631<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u8d8a\u9ad8\uff0c\u4e24\u56fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u8d8a\u5927\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/span><\/span> \u5173\u4e8e\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u90a6\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u96c5\u5178\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Pe<\/span><\/span>t<\/span>er J. Fliess, Thucydides and the Politics of Bipolarity<\/em>, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1966; Robert Gilpin, \u201cPeloponnesian War and Cold War,\u201d in Richard Ned Lebow and Barry S. Strauss eds., Hegemonic Rivalry: From Thucydides to the Nuclear Age<\/em>, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1991, pp.31-49; Carlo M. Santoro, \u201cBipolarity and War: What Makes the Difference?\u201d in Richard Ned Lebow and Barry S. Strauss eds., Hegemonic Rivalry<\/em>, pp.71-83<\/span>\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u6625\u79cb\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>546<\/span>\u5e74\u5f2d\u5175\u4e4b\u4f1a\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u6743\u529b\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5f88\u597d\u4f53\u73b0\uff1a\u9664\u9f50\u3001\u79e6\u4e24\u56fd\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u5747\u987b\u540c\u65f6\u5411\u664b\u3001\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u671d\u8d21\u3002\u4e0e\u4f1a\u5404\u56fd\u5bf9\u6b64\u5747\u65e0\u5f02\u8bae\uff0c\u8fd9\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u5404\u56fd\u5bf9\u664b\u3001\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5171\u8bc6\uff1a\u201c\u664b\u3001\u695a\u72ce\u4e3b\u8bf8\u4faf\u4e4b\u76df\u4e5f\u4e45\u77e3\u201d\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u8944\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u674e\u5b97\u4f97\u6ce8\u8bd1\u3001\u53f6\u5e86\u70b3\u6821\u8ba2\uff1a\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u5de6\u4f20\u4eca\u6ce8\u4eca\u8bd1\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>2012<\/span>\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>855<\/span>\u2014<\/span>859<\/span>\u9875<\/span>\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u664b\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6625\u79cb\u53f2\u7684\u4e2d\u575a\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u987e\u5fb7\u878d\u3001\u6731\u987a\u9f99\uff1a\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>2003<\/span>\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>162<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/span> \u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u559c\u5267\u4f5c\u5bb6\u963f\u91cc\u65af\u6258\u82ac\u4e13\u95e8\u5c31\u7b7e\u8ba2\u300a\u5c3c\u57fa\u963f\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u4e00\u4e8b\u521b\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u51fa\u540d\u4e3a<\/span>Peace<\/span><\/em>\u7684\u559c\u5267\u3002<\/span>John Zumbrunnen, Aristophanic Comedy and the Challenge of Democratic Citizenship<\/em>, Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2012, p.23. <\/span>\u8fd9\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fa7\u9762\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4f2f\u7f57\u5954\u5c3c\u6492\u6218\u4e89\u6b64\u540e\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u505c\u6218\u548c\u7ed3\u76df\u88ab\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u662f\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u559c\u5267\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/span>Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, ed. and trans. by Jeremy Mynott, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, 5.23.1-2, p.336.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u6210\u516c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u8944\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>602<\/span>\u3001<\/span>856<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/span> \u7ecf\u5178\u4e14\u6709\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliance<\/em><\/span>, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987,<\/span> p.12; Glenn H. Snyder, \u201cAlliance Theory: A Neorealist First Cut,\u201d Journal of International Affairs<\/em>, Vol.44, No.1, 1990, p.104; Brett Ashley Leeds, et al., \u201cAlliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions: 1815-1944,\u201d International Interactions<\/em>, Vol.68, No.3, 2002, p.238<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[6]<\/span> Joseph Lepgold, \u201cIs Anyone Listening? International Relations Theory and the Problem of Policy Relevance,\u201d Political Science Quarterly<\/em>, Vol.113, No.1, 1998, pp.47-50.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/span> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5170\u5fb7\u5c14\u00b7\u65bd\u7ef4\u52d2\u5bf9\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u8d77\u56e0\u7684\u7814\u7a76<\/span>\u3001\u8bb8\u7530\u6ce2\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7531\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u72b6\u6001\u8d70\u5411\u7edf\u4e00\u5e1d\u56fd\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u5eb7\u707f\u96c4\u5bf9\u8fd1\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u4e1c\u4e9a\u671d\u8d21\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u5e73\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\u5747\u662f\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u6216\u96be\u4ee5\u91cd\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ece\u7279\u6b8a\u6027\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u89d2\u5ea6\u5f00\u5c55\u7684\u56f0\u60d1\u5bfc\u5411\u578b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u663e\u7136\u662f\u65e0\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\u3002\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Randall Schweller, Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler\u2019s Strategy of World Conquest<\/em>, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998; Victoria Tin-bor Hui, War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe<\/em>, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005; David C. Kang, East Asia before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute<\/em>, New York: Columbia University Press, 2010<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/span> Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics<\/em>, Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979, p.168.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]<\/span> \u5bf9\u201c<\/span>polarity<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u5ba2\u89c2\u548c\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u4ece\u5ba2\u89c2\u89d2\u5ea6\u5bf9\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u5316\u754c\u5b9a\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>David P. Rapkin, William R. Thompson and Jon A. Christopherson, \u201cBipolarity and Bipolarization in the Cold War Era: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Validation,\u201d The Journal of Conflict Resolution<\/em>, Vol.23, No.2, 1979, pp.261-295; William R. Thompson, \u201cPolarity, the Long Cycle, and Global Power Warfare,\u201d The Journal of Conflict Resolution<\/em>, Vol.30, No.4, 1986, pp.587-615<\/span>\u3002\u5bf9\u201c<\/span>polarity<\/span>\u201d\u4e3b\u89c2\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Benjamin Zala, \u201cPolarity Analysis and Collective Perceptions of Power: The Need for a New Approach,\u201d Journal of Global Security Studies<\/em>, Vol.2, No.1, 2017, pp.2-17<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[10]<\/span> Arvind Subramanian, \u201cThe Inevitable Superpower: Why China\u2019s Dominance Is a Sure Thing?\u201d Foreign Affairs<\/em>, Vol.90, No.5, 2011, pp.66-78; James Dobbins<\/span>, \u201cWar with China,\u201d Survival<\/em>, Vol.54, No.4, 2012, pp.7-24; Minxin Pei, \u201cThe Loneliest Superpower: How did China End up with Only Rogue States as Its Real Friends?\u201d Foreign Policy<\/em>, March 20, 2012, http:\/\/www.foreignpolicy.com\/articles\/2012\/03\/20\/the_loneliest_superpower; Yuan Yang, \u201cEscape both the \u2018Thucydides Trap\u2019 and the \u2018Churchill Trap\u2019: Finding a Third Type of Great Power Relations under the Bipolar System,\u201d Chinese Journal of International Politics<\/em>, Vol.11, No.2, 2018, pp.193-235;<\/span>\u960e\u5b66\u901a\uff1a\u300a\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u60ef\u6027\uff1a\u672a\u6765\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u4fe1\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>2013<\/span>\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[11]<\/span> Stephen G. Brooks, William C. Wohlforth<\/span>, \u201cThe Rise and Fall of the Great Powers in the Twenty-first Century: China\u2019s Rise and the Fate of America\u2019s Global Position,\u201d International Security<\/em>, Vol.40, No.3, 2015\/2016, pp.7-53.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[12]<\/span> John J. Mearsheimer, \u201cThe Gathering Storm: China\u2019s Challenge to U.S. Power in Asia,\u201d Chinese Journal of International Politics<\/em>, Vol.3, No.4, 2010, pp.381\u2013396; Aaron L. Friedberg, A Contest for Supremacy: China, America, and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia<\/em>, New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2011.<\/span><\/p>\n

[13]<\/span> \u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Randall L. Schweller, \u201cTripolarity and the Second World War,\u201d International Studies Quarterly<\/em>, Vol.37, No.1, 1993, p.75;<\/span> Raimo Vayrynen, \u201cIntroduction,\u201d in Raimo Vayrynen ed., The Waning of Major War<\/em>, London: Routledge, 2006, p.13; Stephen G. Brooks and William C. Wohlforth, World out of Balance<\/em><\/span>: International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy<\/span><\/em>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008, p.29<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[14]<\/span> \u534e\u5c14\u5179\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u5927\u56fd\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\u3002<\/span>Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics<\/em>, p.162.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[15]<\/span> \u6709\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u201c\u4e24\u6781\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u9738\u6743\u201d\u4e0d\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u9738\u6743\u56fd\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u5d1b\u8d77\u56fd\uff09\u3002<\/span>Thomas J. Volgy and Lawrence E. Imwalle, \u201cHegemonic and Bipolar Perspectives on the New World Order,\u201d American Journal of Political Science<\/em>, Vol.39, No.4, 1995, pp.819-834.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[16]<\/span> A. F. K. Organsky, World Politics<\/em>, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958; A. F. K. Organsky and Jacek Kugler, The War Ledger<\/em>, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980.<\/span><\/p>\n

[17]<\/span> Robert Gilpin, \u201cThe Theory of Hegemonic War,\u201d in Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb, eds., The Origin and Prevention of Major War<\/em>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp.15-37.<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]<\/span> John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics<\/em><\/span>, New York: W.W. Norton, 2001.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[19]<\/span> Graham Allison, \u201cThe Thucydides Trap,\u201d in Richard N. Rosecrance and Steven E. Miller eds., The Next Great War? The Roots of World War I and the Risk of U.S.-China Conflict<\/em>, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2014, pp.73-79.<\/span><\/p>\n

[20]<\/span> Kenneth N. Waltz, \u201cThe Stability of a Bipolar World,\u201d Daedalus<\/em>, Vol.93, No.3, 1964, pp.881-882.<\/span><\/p>\n

[21]<\/span> Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics<\/em>, p. 170; Kenneth N. Waltz, \u201cThe Stability of a Bipolar World,\u201d pp.882-883.<\/span><\/p>\n

[22]<\/span> Michael Brecher and Wilkenfeld Jonathan, Crises in the Twentieth Century<\/em>, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987, quoted from Thomas J. Volgy and Lawrence E. Imwalle, \u201cHegemonic and Bipolar Perspectives on the New World Order,\u201d p.826.<\/span><\/p>\n

[23]<\/span> \u6709\u5173\u4e24\u6781\u7a33\u5b9a\u8bba\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u548c\u6279\u5224\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Michael Haas, \u201cInternational Subsystems: Stability and Polarity,\u201d The American Political Science Review<\/em>, Vol.64, No.1, 1970, pp.98-123; Patrick James and Michael Brecher, \u201cStability and Polarity: New Paths for Inquiry,\u201d Journal of Peace Research<\/em>, Vol.25, No.1, 1988, pp.31-42; Dale C. Copeland, \u201cNeorealism and the Myth of Bipolar Stability: Toward a New Dynamic Realist Theory of Major War,\u201d Security Studies<\/em>, Vol.5, No.3, 1995, pp.29-89; Randolph M. Siverson and Michael D. Ward, \u201cThe Long Peace: A Reconsideration,\u201d International Organization<\/em>, Vol.56, No.3, 2002, pp.679-691<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[24]<\/span> Arthur A. Stein, Why Nations Cooperate<\/em>, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990, p. 151.<\/span><\/p>\n

[25]<\/span> Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace<\/em>, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948; Richard Ned Lebow, A Cultural Theory of International Relations<\/em>, New York: Cambridge<\/span> University Press, 2008.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[26]<\/span> Robert Powell, \u201cAbsolute and Relative Gains in International Relations Theory,\u201d American Political Science Review<\/em>, Vol.85, No.4, 1991, pp.1303-1320.<\/span><\/p>\n

[27]<\/span> John H. Herz, \u201cIdealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma,\u201d World Politics<\/em>, Vol.2, No.2, 1950, pp.157-180; Robert Jervis, \u201cCooperation under the Security Dilemma,\u201d World Politics<\/em>, Vol.30, No.2, 1978, pp.167-214.<\/span><\/p>\n

[28]<\/span> Mark Kramer, \u201cIdeology and the Cold War,\u201d Review of International Studies<\/em>, Vol.25, No.4, 1999, pp.539-576.<\/span><\/p>\n

[29]<\/span> Andrew H. Kydd, Trust and Mistrust in International Relations<\/em>, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005; Charles L. Glaser, Rational Theory of International Politics<\/em>, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2010;<\/span> Shiping Tang, A Theory of Security Strategy for Our Time<\/em><\/span>, <\/span>New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010<\/span>; Charles A. Kupchan, How Enemies Becomes Friends<\/em>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[30]<\/span> \u76f8\u4f3c\u653f\u4f53\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5bf9\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Brett Ashley Leeds, \u201cDomestic Political Institutions, Credible Commitments, and International Cooperation\u201d, American Journal of Political Science<\/em>, Vol.43, No.4, 1999, pp.979-1002; <\/span>Dan Reiter and Brian Lai, \u201cDemocracy, Political Similarity, and International Alliances, 1816\u20131992,\u201d Journal of Conflict Resolution<\/em>, Vol.44, No.2, 2000, pp.203-227; <\/span>John M. Owen, IV, \u201cWhen do Ideologies Produce Alliances? The Holy Roman Empire, 1517-1555,\u201d International Studies Quarterly<\/em>, Vol.49, No.1, 2005, pp.73-99<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[31]<\/span> \u6709\u7814\u7a76\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u90a6\u4e4b\u95f4\u5747\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u6d3e\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Hans van Wees, \u201cWar and Peace in Ancient Greece,\u201d in Anja V. Hartmann and Beatrice Heuser eds., War, Peace and World Orders in European History<\/em>, London: Routledge, 2001, pp.33-38. <\/span>\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u6625\u79cb\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e5f\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u8ba4\u540c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u91cf\uff0c\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u4e2d\u5747\u5e76\u672a\u80fd\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u963b\u6b62\u7ade\u4e89\u53cc\u65b9\u9677\u5165\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[32]<\/span> Bruce Russett and William Antholis, \u201cThe Imperfect Democratic Peace of Ancient Greece,\u201d in Bruce Russett et al., <\/span>Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principle for a Post-Cold War World<\/span><\/em>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993<\/span><\/span>, pp.<\/span>43-62.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[33]<\/span> Stefan G. Chrissanthos, Warfare in the Ancient World: From the Bronze Age to the Fall of Rome<\/em>,Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2008, p.50.<\/span><\/p>\n

[34]<\/span> \u987e\u5fb7\u878d\u3001\u6731\u987a\u9f99\uff1a\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>60<\/span>\u9875\uff1b\u9ec4\u6734\u6c11\uff1a\u300a\u68a6\u6b8b\u5e72\u6208\u2014\u2014\u6625\u79cb\u519b\u4e8b\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u957f\u6c99\uff1a\u5cb3\u9e93\u4e66\u793e<\/span>2013<\/span>\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>239<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[35]<\/span> Glenn H. Snyder, \u201cThe Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics,\u201d<\/span> <\/em>World Politics<\/span><\/em>, Vol.36, No.4, 1984, pp.461-495.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[36]<\/span> Douglas M. Gibler, \u201cThe Costs of Reneging: Reputation and Alliance Formation,\u201d Journal of Conflict Resolution<\/em>, Vol.52, No.3, 2008, pp.426\u2013454; James D. Fearon, \u201cSignaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands versus Sinking Costs,\u201d Journal of Conflict Resolution<\/em>, Vol.41, No.1, 1997, pp.68-90.<\/span><\/p>\n

[37]<\/span> Michael F. Altfeld, \u201cThe Decision to Ally: A Theory and Test,\u201d Western Political Quarterly<\/em>, Vol.37, No.4, 1984, p.526; James D. Morrow, \u201cArms versus Allies: Trade-offs in the Search for Security,\u201d International Organization<\/em>, Vol.47, No.2, 1993, p.208; Jesse C. Johnson, \u201cThe Cost of Security: Foreign Policy Concessions and Military Alliances,\u201d Journal of Peace Research<\/em>, Vol.52, No.5, 2015, pp.665\u2013679.<\/span><\/p>\n

[38]<\/span> Stephen M. Walt, The Origins of Alliance<\/em><\/span>; Randall Schweller, \u201cBandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In,\u201d International Security<\/em>, Vol.19, No.1, 1994, pp.72-107; Jesse C Johnson, \u201cExternal Threat and Alliance Formation,\u201d International Studies Quarterly<\/em>, Vol.61, No.3, 2017, pp.736\u2013745.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[39]<\/span> Patricia A. Weitsman, Dangerous Alliances: Proponents of Peace, Weapons of War<\/em>, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004; Jeremy Pressman, Warring Friends: Alliance Restraint in International Politics<\/em>, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2008; Victor Cha, Powerplay: The Origins of the American Alliance System in Asia<\/em>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\n

[40]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peloponnesian War<\/em>, New York: Viking Penguin, 2003, pp. 188, 199-200; Robin Seager, \u201cAfter the Peace of Nicias: Diplomacy and Policy, 421-416 B.C.,\u201d The Classical Quarterly<\/em>, Vol.26, No.2, 1976, p.251.<\/span><\/p>\n

[41]<\/span> \u6709\u5b66\u8005\u603b\u7ed3\u4e86\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u57ce\u90a6\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u6765\u81ea\u6ce2\u65af\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5a01\u80c1\u3001\u6765\u81ea\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u76df\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ab\u8feb\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u654c\u5bf9\u52bf\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u9009\u8fb9\u7684\u538b\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u539f\u56e0\u663e\u7136\u5747\u96be\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>421<\/span>\u5e74\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u7684\u8fd9\u6b21\u7ed3\u76df\u3002\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Panayiotis P. Mavrommatis, \u201cCity-States and Alliances in Ancient Greece: Underlying Reasons of Their Existence and Their Consequences,\u201d manuscript, December 8, 2004, https:\/\/ocw.mit.edu\/courses\/history\/21h-301-the-ancient-world-greece-fall-2004\/assignments\/final.pdf<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[42]<\/span> Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 5.89, p.380.<\/span><\/p>\n

[43]<\/span> \u7406\u67e5\u5fb7\u00b7\u52d2\u535a\u5c06\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u52a8\u56e0\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u6050\u60e7\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u548c\u8363\u8a89\u4e09\u7c7b\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Richard Ned Lebow, A Cultural Theory of International Relations<\/em><\/span>\u3002<\/span>\u201c\u51b2\u7a81\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u5b58\u5728\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u5bf9\u65b0\u589e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u4e89\u593a\u3002\u7531\u201c\u6050\u60e7\u201d\u6240\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5df2\u6709\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u800c\u5bf9\u201c\u6b32\u671b\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8363\u8a89\u201d\u7684\u8ffd\u6c42\u5219\u6d89\u53ca\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u540e\u4e24\u8005\u662f\u201c\u7ade\u4e89\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7b3c\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u51b2\u7a81\u201d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u52a8\u56e0\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[44]<\/span> \u76f8\u5173\u68b3\u7406\u548c\u63a2\u8ba8\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Paul K. Huth, \u201cTerritory: Why are Territorial Disputes between States a Central Cause of International Conflict?\u201d in John A. Vasquez ed., What Do We Know about War<\/em>, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, pp.85-110; Monica Duffy Toft, \u201cTerritory and War,\u201d Journal of Peace Research<\/em>, Vol.51, No.2, 2014, pp.185-198; Dominic D. P. Johnson, Monica Duffy Toft, \u201cGrounds for War: The Evolution of Territorial Conflict,\u201d International Security<\/em>, Vol.38, No.3, 2013\/2014, pp.7-38<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[45]<\/span> \u6709\u5173\u6f14\u5316\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bf9\u5730\u4f4d\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Roger D. Masters, \u201cThe Biological Nature of the State,\u201d World Politics<\/em>, Vol.35, No.2, 1983, pp.161\u2013193;<\/span> Bradley A. Thayer, \u201cBringing in Darwin: Evolutionary Theory, Realism, and International Politics,\u201d International Security<\/em>, Vol.25, No.2, 2000, pp.124-151; Arthur J. Robson, \u201cEvolution and Human Nature,\u201d Journal of Economic Perspectives<\/em>, Vol.16, No.2, 2002, pp.89-106<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[46]<\/span> Richard Ned Lebow, A Cultural Theory of International Relations<\/em><\/span>; T. V. Paul, Deborah Welch Larson, and William C. Wohlforth eds., Status in World Politics<\/em>, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014; <\/span>Steven Michael Ward, \u201cLost in Translation: Social Identity Theory and the Study of Status in World Politics,\u201d International Studies Quarterly<\/em>, Vol.61, No.4, 2017, pp.821-834; Andrew Q. Greve & Jack S. Levy, \u201cPower Transitions, Status Dissatisfaction, and War: The Sino-Japanese War of 1894\u20131895,\u201d Security Studies<\/em>, Vol.27, No.1, 2018, pp.148-178;<\/span>\u5b8b\u4f1f\uff1a\u300a\u8054\u76df\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff1a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u6790\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u4e00\u6218\u524d\u82f1\u5fb7\u8054\u76df\u6218\u7565\u4e3a\u4f8b\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u8bba\u575b\u300b<\/span>2017<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c<\/span>1<\/span>\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>18<\/span>\u2014<\/span>37<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[47]<\/span> Michael P. Colaresi, Karen Rasler, William R. Thompson, Strategic Rivalries in World Politics: Position, Space and Conflict Escalation<\/em>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007, chapter 6, 7.<\/span><\/p>\n

[48]<\/span> Michael P. Colaresi, Karen Rasler, William R. Thompson, Strategic Rivalries in World Politics<\/em>, pp.155-156.<\/span><\/p>\n

[49]<\/span> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u53f2\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u5e03\u9c81\u514b\u65af\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u5c31\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u8d28\u7591\u3002<\/span>Stephen G. Brooks, G. John Ikenberry, and William C. Wohlforth, \u201cDon\u2019t Come Home, America: The Case against Retrenchment,\u201d International Security<\/em>, Vol.37, No.3, 2012\/2013, p.29.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[50]<\/span>David A. Lake, <\/span>Hierarchy in International Relations<\/span><\/em><\/span>, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2009<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[51]<\/span> Tongfi Kim, The Supply Side of Security: A Market Theory of Military Alliances<\/em>, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\n

[52]<\/span> Glenn H. Snyder, Alliance Politics<\/em>, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1997.<\/span><\/p>\n

[53]<\/span> \u5206\u522b\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Brett V. Benson, Constructing International Security: Alliances, Deterrence, and Moral Hazard<\/em>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012; Tongfi Kim, \u201cWhy Alliances Entangle but Seldom Entrap States,\u201d Security Studies<\/em>, Vol.20, No.3, 2011, pp.350\u2013377; Keren Yarhi-Milo,<\/span><\/span> Alexander Lanoszka,<\/span> and<\/span> Zack Cooper, \u201cTo Arm or to Ally? The Patron\u2019s Dilemma and the Strategic<\/span> Logic of Arms Transfers and Alliances,\u201d International Security<\/em>, Vol.41, No.2, 2016, pp.90\u2013139;<\/span>\u5de6\u5e0c\u8fce\uff1a\u300a\u627f\u8bfa\u96be\u9898\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e9a\u592a\u8054\u76df\u8f6c\u578b\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e9a\u592a\u300b<\/span>2015<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c<\/span>3<\/span>\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>4<\/span>\u2014<\/span>28<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[54]<\/span> James D. Fearon, \u201cSignaling Foreign Policy Interests,\u201d pp.68-90; Douglas M. Gibler, \u201cThe Costs of Reneging,\u201d pp.426\u2013454; Mark J. C. Crescenzi et al., \u201cReliability, Reputation, and Alliance Formation,\u201d International Studies Quarterly<\/em>, Vol.56, No.2, 2012, pp.259\u2013274; Gregory D. Miller, The Shadow of the Past: Reputation and Military Alliances before the First World War<\/em>, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2012.<\/span><\/p>\n

[55]<\/span> \u6768\u539f\uff1a\u300a\u5927\u56fd\u65e0\u6218\u4e89\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u6743\u529b\u7ade\u4e89\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>2017<\/span>\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>100<\/span>\u2014<\/span>108<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[56]<\/span> Robert A. Dahl, \u201cThe Concept of Power,\u201d Behavioral Science<\/em>, Vol.2, No.3, 1957, pp.202-203.<\/span><\/p>\n

[57]<\/span> \u5c24\u5176\u5f53\u5927\u56fd\u88ab\u5c0f\u56fd\u62d6\u5165\u7684\u4e89\u7aef\u4e0e\u5927\u56fd\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5229\u76ca\u4e0d\u7b26\u65f6\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[58]<\/span> Robert Jervis, The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution: Statecraft and the Prospect of Armageddon<\/em>, Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989, p.20; Charles L. Glaser, Analyzing Strategic Nuclear Policy<\/em>, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990, p.46; Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed<\/em>, New York: W. W. Norton, 2003.<\/span><\/p>\n

[59]<\/span> Robert Powell, \u201cNuclear Brinkmanship, Limited War, and Military Power,\u201d International Organization<\/em>, Vol.69, No.3, 2015, p.596.<\/span><\/p>\n

[60]<\/span> Prajit K. Dutta, Strategies and Games: Theory and Practice<\/em>, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999, pp.125-126.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[61]<\/span> \u6709\u5173\u6d88\u8017\u6218\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Drew Fudenberg, Jean Tirole, Game Theory<\/em>, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991, pp.119-126<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[62]<\/span> \u5173\u4e8e\u50f5\u5c40\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>I. William Zartman, \u201cRipeness: The Hurting Stalemate and Beyond,\u201d in Paul Stern and Daniel Druckman eds., International Conflict Resolution after the Cold War<\/em>, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000, pp.225-246; Dean G. Pruitt and Sung Hee Kim, Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement<\/em>, New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2004, pp.171-188<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[63]<\/span> \u5728\u591a\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f53\u4e24\u4e2a\u5927\u56fd\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f15\u53d1\u53cc\u8f93\u6027\u50f5\u5c40\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5411\u5176\u4ed6\u5927\u56fd\u6c42\u52a9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u7684\u5b9e\u529b\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u66fe\u4e00\u5ea6\u9677\u5165\u201c\u50f5\u5c40\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5165\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u5bf9\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u9884\u671f\u5f88\u5feb\u4ece\u50f5\u5c40\u8f6c\u53d8\u4e3a\u534f\u7ea6\u56fd\u83b7\u80dc\u3002\u800c\u5728\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e00\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u8981\u60f3\u8d70\u51fa\u50f5\u5c40\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u4f9d\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5bf9\u65b9\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u522b\u65e0\u5176\u4ed6\u6709\u6548\u9014\u5f84\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[64]<\/span> Robert Powell, \u201cWar as a Commitment Problem,\u201d International Organization<\/em>, Vol.60, No.1, 2006, pp.169-203.<\/span><\/p>\n

[65]<\/span> Alex Weisiger, Logics of War: Explanations for Limited and Unlimited Conflicts<\/em>, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013.<\/span><\/p>\n

[66]<\/span> Dan Reiter, How Wars End<\/em>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009, pp.22-50; Robert Powell, \u201cPersistent Fighting and Shifting Power,\u201d American Journal of Political Science<\/em>, Vol.56, No.3, 2012, pp.620-637.<\/span><\/p>\n

[67]<\/span> Michael P. Colaresi, Karen Rasler, William R. Thompson, Strategic Rivalries in World Politics<\/em>, p.211.<\/span><\/p>\n

[68]<\/span> \u5468\u65b9\u94f6\uff1a\u300a\u6d88\u8017\u6218\u535a\u5f08\u4e0e\u5abe\u548c\u65f6\u673a\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u300b<\/span>2007<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c<\/span>3<\/span>\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>52<\/span>\u2014<\/span>96<\/span>\u9875\uff1b<\/span>Catherine C. Langlois and Jean-Pierre Langlois, \u201cShould Rational States Really Bargain While They Fight?\u201d unpublished manuscript, Georgetown University, Georgetown, Washington, DC, 2012.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[69]<\/span> I. William Zartman, \u201cRipeness: The Hurting Stalemate and Beyond,\u201d pp.225-246.<\/span><\/p>\n

[70]<\/span> \u53cc\u65b9\u5bf9\u5f7c\u6b64\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u672a\u6765\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u80fd\u529b\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u9884\u671f\u8fbe\u6210\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u662f\u6218\u4e89\u7ed3\u675f\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/span>James D. D. Smith, Stopping Wars: Defining the Obstacles to Cease-fire<\/em>, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995, p.15.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[71]<\/span> Branislav L. Slantchev, \u201cThe Principle of Convergence in Wartime Negotiations,\u201d American Political Science Review<\/em>, Vol.97, No.4, 2003, pp.621\u2013632; Robert Powel, \u201cBargaining and Learning While Fighting,\u201d American Journal of Political Science<\/em>, Vol.48, No.2, 2004, pp.344\u2013361; Alex Weisiger, \u201cLearning from the Battlefield: Information, Domestic Politics, and Interstate War Duration,\u201d International Organization<\/em>, Vol.70, No.2, 2016, pp.347\u2013375.<\/span><\/p>\n

[72]<\/span> \u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6210\u672c\u548c\u98ce\u9669\u8d85\u8fc7\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u8feb\u4f7f\u5927\u56fd\u653e\u5f03\u4e3a\u5c0f\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u6001\u52bf\u4e0b\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6210\u672c\u5927\u4e8e\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u80fd\u5728\u4e8f\u635f\u5230\u8fbe\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u80fd\u627f\u53d7\u7684\u6781\u9650\u4e4b\u524d\u5148\u201c\u62d6\u57ae\u201d\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u624b\u8feb\u4f7f\u5176\u9000\u51fa\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u5927\u56fd\u5373\u4f7f\u201c\u8d54\u672c\u201d\u4e5f\u4ecd\u4f1a\u575a\u6301\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u5e02\u573a\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u4f01\u4e1a\u5c06\u5546\u54c1\u4ef7\u683c\u538b\u4f4e\u5230\u6210\u672c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7684\u201c\u4ef7\u683c\u6218\u201d\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u503e\u9500\u7b56\u7565\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[73]<\/span> \u7ed3\u76df\u884c\u4e3a\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u6210\u672c\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u91ca\u653e\uff08<\/span>costly signaling<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u7ed3\u76df\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f20\u9012\u51fa\u53ef\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u504f\u597d\u548c\u610f\u56fe\u3002<\/span><\/span>James D. Morrow, \u201cAlliances, Credibility, and Peacetime Costs,\u201d Journal of Conflict Resolution<\/em>, Vol.38, No.2, 1994, pp.270\u2013297; <\/span>James D. Fearon, \u201cSignaling Foreign Policy Interests,\u201d pp.68\u201390; James D. Morrow, \u201cAlliances: Why Write Them Down?\u201d Annual Review of Political Science<\/em>, Vol.3, No.1, 2000, pp.63-83.<\/span><\/p>\n

[74]<\/span> C<\/span>\u56fd\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u6b64\u65f6<\/span>A<\/span>\u56fd\u56fd\u529b\u7684\u635f\u8017\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u6e05\u695a\u4f46\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u56fd\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u5c16\u9510\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b<\/span>C<\/span>\u56fd\u90fd\u6709\u52a8\u673a\u6346\u7ed1<\/span>A<\/span>\u56fd\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u81ea\u5df1\u5e94\u5bf9<\/span>B<\/span>\u56fd\u65f6\u7684\u7b79\u7801\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[75]<\/span> Douglas M. Gibler, \u201cThe Costs of Reneging,\u201d pp.426\u2013454; Mark J. C. Crescenzi et al., \u201cReliability, Reputation, and Alliance Formation,\u201d pp.259\u2013274; Gregory D. Miller, The Shadow of the Past<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[76]<\/span> \u8054\u76df\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u4f5c\u7528\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Alastair Smith, \u201cAlliance Formation and War,\u201d International Studies Quarterly<\/em>, Vol.39, No.4, 1995, pp.405-425; James D. Morrow, \u201cThe Strategic Setting of Choices: Signaling, Commitment, and Negotiation in International Politics,\u201d in David A. Lake and Robert Powell eds., Strategic Choice and International Relations<\/em>, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999, pp.77-114<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[77]<\/span> Michael F. Altfeld, \u201cThe Decision to Ally,\u201d p.526.<\/span><\/p>\n

[78]<\/span> James D. Morrow, \u201cArms versus Allies,\u201d p.208.<\/span><\/p>\n

[79]<\/span> \u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u540c\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u201c\u81ea\u7f1a\u624b\u811a\u201d\uff08<\/span>tying hand<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u201c\u6c89\u6ca1\u6210\u672c\u201d\uff08<\/span>sunk cost<\/span>\uff09\u4e24\u79cd\u6210\u672c\u3002<\/span>James D. Fearon, \u201cSignaling Foreign Policy Interests,\u201d pp.68\u201390.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[80]<\/span> B<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>A<\/span>\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u9884\u671f\u6536\u76ca\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e<\/span>B<\/span>\u4e0e<\/span>C<\/span>\u8c01\u662f\u4e89\u7aef\u6311\u8d77\u65b9\uff0c\u66f4\u7cbe\u786e\u5730\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u662f<\/span>C<\/span>\u662f\u6311\u8d77\u65b9\uff0c\u4e3b\u52a8\u4e0e<\/span>B<\/span>\u5bfb\u8845\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a<\/span>B<\/span>\u5728\u4e0e<\/span>C<\/span>\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u662f\u88ab\u52a8\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6b64\u65f6<\/span>B<\/span>\u7684\u9996\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u907f\u6218\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e<\/span>A<\/span>\u7ed3\u76df\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u80fd\u591f\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u7684\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u662f<\/span>B<\/span>\u662f\u6311\u8d77\u65b9\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u7740\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u73b0\u72b6\u7684\u52a8\u673a\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5355\u7eaf\u4e0e<\/span>A<\/span>\u7ed3\u76df\u53ef\u80fd\u8fd8\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u62b5\u6d88\u5176\u653e\u5f03\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u589e\u52a0\u67d0\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u673a\u5236\u4ee5\u589e\u52a0\u53cc\u65b9\u7ed3\u76df\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u533a\u522b\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u96c5\u5178\u2014\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u3001\u664b\u2014\u695a\u7ed3\u76df\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u7ec6\u5fae\u5dee\u5f02\u4e2d\u3002\u8be6\u89c1\u6848\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[81]<\/span> John M. Rothgeb, Jr., Defining Power: Influence and Force in the Contemporary International System<\/em>, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993, pp.27-28.<\/span><\/p>\n

[82]<\/span> \u201c\u6743\u529b\u5927\u5c0f\u201d\u6096\u8bba\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u6027\uff08<\/span>reciprocity<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>David A. Baldwin, Power and International Relations: A Conceptual Approach<\/em>, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2016, pp.79-80<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[83]<\/span> Thomas Harrison<\/span>, \u201cThe Greek World, 478\u2013432,\u201d in Konrad H. Kinzl ed., A Companion to the Classical Greek World<\/em>, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006, pp.511-517.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[84]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peloponnesian War<\/em>, pp.3, 18-19.<\/span><\/p>\n

[85]<\/span> Peter J. Fliess, Thucydides and the Politics of Bipolarity<\/em>; Robert Gilpin, \u201cPeloponnesian War and Cold War,\u201d pp.31-49; Carlo M. Santoro, \u201cBipolarity and War,\u201d pp.71-83.<\/span><\/p>\n

[86]<\/span> W. R. Connor, \u201cPolarization in Thucydides,\u201d in <\/span>Richard Ned Lebow and Barry S. Strauss eds., Hegemonic Rivalry<\/em>, pp.54-57; Marta Sordi, \u201cScontro di Blocchi e Azione di Terze Forze Nello Scoppio della Guerra del Peloponneso,\u201d in Richard Ned Lebow and Barry S. Strauss eds., Hegemonic Rivalry<\/em>, pp.87-98.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[87]<\/span> Robert Gilpin, \u201cPeloponnesian War and Cold War,\u201d p.48.<\/span><\/p>\n

[88]<\/span> W. R. Connor, \u201cPolarization in Thucydides,\u201d<\/span> p.67; Mark V. Kauppi, \u201cContemporary International Relations Theory and the Peloponnesian War,\u201d in <\/span>Richard Ned Lebow and Barry S. Strauss eds., Hegemonic Rivalry<\/em>, pp.108-109.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[89]<\/span> \u5c3d\u7ba1\u5728\u963f\u5947\u8fbe\u59c6\u65af\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u96c5\u5178\u548c\u65af\u5df4\u8fbe\u5747\u66fe\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e0e\u6ce2\u65af\u53d6\u5f97\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u672a\u83b7\u5f97\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f88\u96be\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8bf4\u670d\u6ce2\u65af\u4ecb\u5165\u5176\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/span>Donald Kagan, The Peloponnesian War<\/em>, pp.84, 154-155.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[90]<\/span> W. R. Connor, \u201cPolarization in Thucydides,\u201d <\/span>p.67; Mark V. Kauppi, \u201cContemporary International Relations Theory and the Peloponnesian War,\u201d p.109.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[91]<\/span> Richard Ned Lebow, \u201cThucydides, Power Transition Theory, and the Causes of War,\u201d in Richard Ned Lebow and Barry S. Strauss eds., Hegemonic Rivalry<\/em>, p.135.<\/span><\/p>\n

[92]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981, p.27.<\/span><\/p>\n

[93]<\/span> Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 1.23.6, p.16.<\/span><\/p>\n

[94]<\/span> Carlo M. Santoro, \u201cBipolarity and War,\u201d pp.74-75; Marta Sordi, \u201cScontro di Blocchi e Azione di Terze Forze Nello Scoppio della Guerra del Peloponneso,\u201d pp.87-98; Richard Ned Lebow, \u201cThucydides, Power Transition Theory and the Causes of War,\u201d pp.125-165; Paul A. Rahe, \u201cThe Peace of Nicias,\u201d in Williamson Murray and Jim Lacey eds., The Making of Peace: Rulers, States, and the aftermath of War<\/em>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp.33-59.<\/span><\/p>\n

[95]<\/span> Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 1.35, 1.40, pp.23-24, 26-27.<\/span><\/p>\n

[96]<\/span> Richard Ned Lebow, \u201cThucydides, Power Transition Theory, and the Causes of War,\u201d pp.128-129.<\/span><\/p>\n

[97]<\/span> Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 1.44.1, p.29.<\/span><\/p>\n

[98]<\/span> Victor Alonso, \u201cPeace and International Law in Ancient Greece,\u201d in Kurt A. Raaflaub, ed., War and Peace in the Ancient World<\/em>, Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p.216.<\/span><\/p>\n

[99]<\/span> Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 1.45.1, p.29.<\/span><\/p>\n

[100]<\/span> Paul A. Rahe, \u201cThe Peace of Nicias,\u201d p.51.<\/span><\/p>\n

[101]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peloponnesian War<\/em>, p.28.<\/span><\/p>\n

[102]<\/span> Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 1.28, p.19.<\/span><\/p>\n

[103]<\/span> Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 1.126-1.139, pp.73-83.<\/span><\/p>\n

[104]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peloponnesian War<\/em>, p.45.<\/span><\/p>\n

[105]<\/span> \u8fd9\u662f\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u4e16\u754c\u5185\u90e8\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Hans van Wees, \u201cWar and Peace in Ancient Greece,\u201d p.41.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[106]<\/span> Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 1.71.4, p.43.<\/span><\/p>\n

[107]<\/span> G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, The Origins of the Peloponnesian War<\/em>, London: Gerald Duckworth & Company Limited, 1972, p.60.<\/span><\/p>\n

[108]<\/span> Richard Ned Lebow, \u201cThucydides, Power Transition Theory, and the Causes of War,\u201d p.131.<\/span><\/p>\n

[109]<\/span> Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 1.71.7, p.44.<\/span><\/p>\n

[110]<\/span> W. G. <\/span>Forrest, A History of Sparta, 950-192 B.C.<\/em>, New York: Norton, 1968, p.108, quoted from Richard Ned Lebow, \u201cThucydides, Power Transition Theory, and the Causes of War,\u201d p.160.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[111]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peloponnesian War<\/em>, p.51.<\/span><\/p>\n

[112]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peloponnesian War<\/em>, pp.51-52.<\/span><\/p>\n

[113]<\/span> Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 2.65.7, p.130.<\/span><\/p>\n

[114]<\/span> Paul A. Rahe, \u201cThe Peace of Nicias,\u201d p.61; Stefan G. Chrissanthos, Warfare in the Ancient World<\/em>, p.52.<\/span><\/p>\n

[115]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peloponnesian War<\/em>, p.86.<\/span><\/p>\n

[116]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peloponnesian War<\/em>, p.104; Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 3.19.1, p.171.<\/span><\/p>\n

[117]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, p.30.<\/span><\/p>\n

[118]<\/span> Paul A. Rahe, \u201cThe Peace of Nicias,\u201d p.67.<\/span><\/p>\n

[119]<\/span> Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 5.23.1-2, p.336.<\/span><\/p>\n

[120]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, p.26; Robin Seager, \u201cAfter the Peace of Nicias,\u201d p.249.<\/span><\/p>\n

[121]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, p. 27; Robin Seager, \u201cAfter the Peace of Nicias,\u201d p.251.<\/span><\/p>\n

[122]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, p.31.<\/span><\/p>\n

[123]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, p.32.<\/span><\/p>\n

[124]<\/span> G. Busolt, Griechische Geschichte<\/em>, III: 2, 1205, quoted from Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, p.27.<\/span><\/p>\n

[125]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, p.27.<\/span><\/p>\n

[126]<\/span> E. Meyer, Forschungen zur alten Geschichte<\/em>, II, 353, quoted from Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, p.27.<\/span>\u53e6\u5916\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Paul A. Rahe, \u201cThe Peace of Nicias,\u201d p.68<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[127]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, p.27.<\/span><\/p>\n

[128]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, p.28.<\/span>\u53e6\u5916\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Paul A. Rahe, \u201cThe Peace of Nicias,\u201d p.69<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[129]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, p.30.<\/span><\/p>\n

[130]<\/span> Robin Seager, \u201cAfter the Peace of Nicias,\u201d p.252.<\/span><\/p>\n

[131]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Archidamian War<\/em>, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1974, pp.338-339.<\/span><\/p>\n

[132]<\/span> Robin Seager, \u201cAfter the Peace of Nicias,\u201d p.249.<\/span><\/p>\n

[133]<\/span>Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 5.17.2, p.332.<\/span><\/p>\n

[134]<\/span> Thucydides, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians<\/em>, 5.35.3, p.344.<\/span><\/p>\n

[135]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peace of Nicias and the Sicilian Expedition<\/em>, p.24.<\/span><\/p>\n

[136]<\/span> Robin Seager, \u201cAfter the Peace of Nicias,\u201d pp.250, 254; Donald Kagan, \u201cCorinthian Diplomacy after the Peace of Nicias,\u201d The American Journal of Philology<\/em>, Vol.81, No.3, 1960, p.291.<\/span><\/p>\n

[137]<\/span> Robin Seager, \u201cAfter the Peace of Nicias,\u201d p.250.<\/span><\/p>\n

[138]<\/span> \u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Richard Ned Lebow, \u201cThucydides, Power Transition Theory, and the Causes of War,\u201d p.147<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[139]<\/span> Simon Hornblower, The Greek World, 479-323 BC<\/em>, New York: Routledge, 2011, p.166.<\/span><\/p>\n

[140]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Peloponnesian War<\/em>, p.16.<\/span><\/p>\n

[141]<\/span> Donald Kagan, The Outbreak of the Peloponnesian War<\/em>, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969, p.346.<\/span><\/p>\n

[142]<\/span> Robin Seager, \u201cAfter the Peace of Nicias,\u201d p.252.<\/span><\/p>\n

[143]<\/span> \u5bf9\u300a\u5c3c\u57fa\u963f\u65af\u548c\u7ea6\u300b\u540e\u79d1\u6797\u65af\u5916\u4ea4\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1<\/span>Donald Kagan, \u201cCorinthian Diplomacy after the Peace of Nicias,\u201d pp.291-310<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[144]<\/span> \u987e\u5fb7\u878d\u3001\u6731\u987a\u9f99\uff1a\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>162<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[145]<\/span> \u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>546<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5f2d\u5175\u4e4b\u4f1a\u7684\u51b3\u8bae\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u664b\u3001\u695a\u3001\u9f50\u3001\u79e6\u7b49\u5927\u56fd\u6743\u529b\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u6b64\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u534f\u8bae\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u9664\u9f50\u3001\u79e6\u4e24\u56fd\u5916\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u5747\u987b\u540c\u65f6\u5411\u664b\u3001\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u671d\u8d21\u3002\u4e0e\u4f1a\u5404\u56fd\u5bf9\u6b64\u5747\u65e0\u5f02\u8bae\uff0c\u8fd9\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u5404\u56fd\u5bf9\u664b\u3001\u695a\u4e24\u56fd\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u664b\u3001\u695a\u72ce\u4e3b\u8bf8\u4faf\u4e4b\u76df\u4e5f\u4e45\u77e3\u201d\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u8944\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>855\u2014859<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[146]<\/span> \u636e\u636e\u738b\u65e5\u534e\u548c\u6f06\u6d77\u971e\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c\u5728\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>769<\/span>\u81f3\u516c\u5143\u524d<\/span>440<\/span>\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u53d7\u5468\u738b\u5ba4\u76f4\u63a5\u5206\u5c01\u5efa\u56fd\u7684\u59ec\u59d3\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u9891\u7387\u548c\u6b21\u6570\u5747\u663e\u8457\u4f4e\u4e8e\u59ec\u59d3\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u4e0e\u975e\u59ec\u59d3\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u5728\u4ee5\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5468\u671d\u5206\u5c01\u4f53\u5236\u5185\u90e8\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u5f3a\u5236\u6027\u529b\u91cf\u5df2\u5927\u4e3a\u8870\u843d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u9057\u7559\u7684\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u4e00\u6bb5\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u5185\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u7ef4\u6301\u3002\u738b\u65e5\u534e\u3001\u6f06\u6d77\u971e<\/span>\uff1a\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u6218\u4e89\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u7edf\u8ba1\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u7814\u7a76\u300b<\/span>2013<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c<\/span>1<\/span>\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>112<\/span>\u3001<\/span>120<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[147]<\/span> \u53c2\u89c1\u5468\u65b9\u94f6\uff1a\u300a\u677e\u6563\u7b49\u7ea7\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5d1b\u8d77\u2014\u2014\u6625\u79cb\u65f6\u671f\u201c\u5c0a\u738b\u201d\u4e89\u9738\u7b56\u7565\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u300b<\/span>2012<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c<\/span>6<\/span>\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>9<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[148]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u5ba3\u516c\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>490<\/span>\u2014<\/span>491<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[149]<\/span> \u6768\u5bbd\uff1a\u300a\u6218\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>2003<\/span>\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>2<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[150]<\/span> \u7a0b\u8fdc\uff1a\u300a\u5148\u79e6\u6218\u4e89\u89c2\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u897f\u5317\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\uff08\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248\uff09\u300b<\/span>2008<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c<\/span>1<\/span>\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>148<\/span>\u9875\uff1b\u6768\u5bbd\uff1a\u300a\u6218\u56fd\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>2<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[151]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u50d6\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>314<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[152]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u50d6\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>314<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[153]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u50d6\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>316<\/span>\u2014<\/span>321<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[154]<\/span> \u53f0\u6e7e\u4e09\u519b\u5927\u5b66\u7f16\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u4ee3\u6218\u4e89\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u7b2c<\/span>1<\/span>\u518c\uff09\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u4fe1\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>2012<\/span>\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>174<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[155]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u50d6\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>322<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[156]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u50d6\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u300b<\/span>\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>322<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[157]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u50d6\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u300b<\/span>\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>323<\/span>\u2014<\/span>324<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[158]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u50d6\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u300b<\/span>\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>326<\/span>\u2014<\/span>330<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[159]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u5ba3\u516c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>494<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[160]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81<\/span>\u5ba3\u516c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>494<\/span>\u2014<\/span>496<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[161]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u5ba3\u516c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>497<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[162]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u5ba3\u516c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>511<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[163]<\/span> \u9ec4\u6734\u6c11\uff1a\u300a\u68a6\u6b8b\u5e72\u6208\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>297<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[164]<\/span> \u7ae5\u4e66\u4e1a\uff1a\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u53f2\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span><\/span>2010<\/span>\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>185<\/span>\u2014<\/span>186<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[165]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u6210\u516c\u5341\u4e8c\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>602<\/span>\u2014<\/span>603<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[166]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u6210\u516c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>625<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[167]<\/span> \u53f0\u6e7e\u4e09\u519b\u5927\u5b66\u7f16\u8457\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u4ee3\u6218\u4e89\u53f2\u300b\uff08\u7b2c<\/span>1<\/span>\u518c\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>244<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[168]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u6210\u516c\u5341\u516d\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>625<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[169]<\/span> \u738b\u5e86\u6210\uff1a\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u201c\u5f2d\u5175\u4f1a\u201d\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u6c5f\u6c49\u5b66\u62a5\u300b<\/span>1963<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c<\/span>11<\/span>\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>41<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[170]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u8944\u516c\u4e5d\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>705<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[171]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u8944\u516c\u516b\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>697<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[172]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u8944\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>855<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[173]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u8944\u516c\u5341\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>719<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[174]<\/span> \u9ec4\u6734\u6c11\uff1a\u300a\u68a6\u6b8b\u5e72\u6208\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>345<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[175]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u8944\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>856\u2014857<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[176]<\/span> \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u00b7\u9c81\u8944\u516c\u4e8c\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>859<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[177]<\/span> \u9ec4\u6734\u6c11\uff1a\u300a\u68a6\u6b8b\u5e72\u6208\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>348<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[178]<\/span> \u9ec4\u6734\u6c11\uff1a\u300a\u68a6\u6b8b\u5e72\u6208\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>349<\/span>\u9875\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[179]<\/span> \u6709\u5b66\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u201c\u4e24\u6781\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u672f\u8bed\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u662f\u4e0e\u7406\u89e3\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u3002<\/span>R. Harrison Wagner, \u201cWhat Was Bipolarity?\u201d International Organization<\/em>, Vol.47, No.1, 1993, p.79.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[180]<\/span> \u5173\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e24\u6781\u5316\u4e0d\u4f1a\u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u53d1\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u89c1<\/span>Yuan Yang, \u201cEscape both the \u2018Thucydides Trap\u2019 and the \u2018Churchill Trap\u2019\u201d; Odd Arne Westad, \u201cHas a New Cold War Really Begun? Why the Term Shouldn\u2019t Apply to Today\u2019s Great-Power Tensions,\u201d Foreign Affairs<\/em>, March 27, 2018, https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/china\/2018-03-27\/has-new-cold-war-really-begun.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u3010\u6218\u7565\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u6768\u539f\uff1a\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u5927\u56fd\u6218\u7565\u7ade\u4e89\u7684\u6f14\u5316<\/strong><\/span><\/a>
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\u3010\u5a92\u4f53\u56fd\u5173\u3011\u5a92\u4f53\u53d8\u8fc1\u4e2d\u7684\u56fd\u5173\u8f6c\u5411\uff1a\u56fd\u5173\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u7684\u65b0\u5a92\u4f53\u7814\u7a76\u73b0\u72b6 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba \u7b2c298\u671f<\/span><\/a>
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\u3010\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u8861\u3011\u6234\u7ef4\u00b7\u8f9b\u683c\uff1a\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u5206\u6790\u95ee\u9898\u4e28\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba \u7b2c300\u671f<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u3010\u65b0\u520a\u901f\u9012\u3011\u7b2c10\u671f | International Studies Review, Volume.21, No.3, 2019<\/span><\/a>
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\u3010\u65b0\u520a\u901f\u9012\u3011\u7b2c11\u671f | Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 54, No. 4, 2019<\/span><\/a>
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\u3010\u65b0\u520a\u901f\u9012\u3011\u7b2c12\u671f | International Affairs, Vol.95, No.6\uff0c2019<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u3010\u65b0\u520a\u901f\u9012\u3011\u7b2c13\u671f|Chinese Journal of International Politics, No.4, 2019<\/span><\/a>
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\u3010\u65b0\u520a\u901f\u9012\u3011\u7b2c14\u671f|Chinese Journal of International Politics, No.3, 2019<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u70b9\u201c\u5728\u770b<\/span>\u201d\u7ed9\u6211\u4e00\u6735\u5c0f\u9ec4\u82b1\"\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u6768\u539f\uff1a\u200b\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u559c\u5267<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\"\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u6768\u539f\uff1a\u200b\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u559c\u5267<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u539f\u6587\u59cb\u53d1\u4e8e\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\uff08\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba\uff09\uff1a\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u6768\u539f\uff1a\u200b\u5927\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u559c\u5267 \u2014\u2014\u4e24\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u8d85\u7ea7\u5927\u56fd\u5f7c\u6b64\u7ed3\u76df\u4e4b\u8c1c<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u7b80  \u4ecb \u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u3011\u6768\u539f\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":15339,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[24,25],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15338"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15338"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15338\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15347,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15338\/revisions\/15347"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15339"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15338"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15338"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15338"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}