{"id":14952,"date":"2019-10-03T14:00:50","date_gmt":"2019-12-31T06:12:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/2019\/12\/31\/3fb8a2c36d\/"},"modified":"2019-12-31T14:12:20","modified_gmt":"2019-12-31T06:12:20","slug":"3fb8a2c36d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/2019\/10\/03\/3fb8a2c36d\/","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u4e2d\u4e1c\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u4e28\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u4f5c\u54c1\u7b80\u4ecb<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u4e3d\u838e\u00b7\u5e03\u83b1\u5fb7\u65af(Lisa Blaydes),\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u3001\u5f17\u91cc\u66fc\u00b7\u65af\u666e\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u6240(Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies)\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff0c\u8457\u6709\u300a\u7a46\u5df4\u62c9\u514b\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u57c3\u53ca\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4e0e\u5206\u914d\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak\u2019s Egypt\uff09\u7b49\u4e13\u8457\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\u3001\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u5b63\u520a\u300b\u3001\u300a\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u4e1c\u671f\u520a\u300b\u548c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\u7b49\u77e5\u540d\u5b66\u672f\u520a\u7269\u4e0a\u53d1\u8868\u8bba\u6587\u3002\u5979\u62e5\u6709\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u5206\u6821\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u548c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u970d\u666e\u91d1\u65af\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u58eb\u3001\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u3010\u7f16\u8bd1\u3011<\/span><\/strong>\u8bb8\u6587\u5a77\uff08\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u6821\u5bf9\u3011<\/strong><\/span>\u738b\u6cfd\u5c18<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u5ba1\u6838\u3011<\/span><\/strong>\u5d14\u5b87\u6db5<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u5e74\u5ea6\u8bc4\u8bba\uff08Annual Review of Political Science<\/em>\uff09\u662f\u5e74\u5ea6\u8bc4\u8bba\u7cfb\u5217\uff08Annual Reviews\uff09\u65d7\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u5e74\u5ea6\u520a\u7269\u3002\u8be5\u520a\u81ea1998\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6bd4\u8f83\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u3001\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u4ee5\u53ca\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u7b49\u3002\u51762019\u5e74\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u5b50\u4e3a3.915\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/span>\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

State Building In the Middle East<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u7406\u73af\u5883\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u72ec\u7279\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u57c3\u53ca\u4e0e\u4e24\u6cb3\u6d41\u57df\u9002\u5b9c\u519c\u8015\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u65e9\u671f\u519c\u4e1a\u5b9a\u5c45\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6761\u4ef6\uff1b\u5176\u4e8c\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u80a5\u6c83\u7684\u519c\u8015\u5730\u533a\u5916\u56f4\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u8d2b\u7620\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u6c99\u6f20\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u4e5f\u5206\u522b\u5bfc\u5411\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u4f20\u7edf\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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1\u3001<\/span><\/strong>\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u4e0e\u65e9\u671f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/span><\/strong><\/span> <\/span><\/section>\n

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\u8fd1\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u519c\u4e1a\u6280\u672f\u9886\u5148\u897f\u6b27\u957f\u8fbe\u5343\u5e74\u3002\u5a01\u7279\u798f\u683c\uff08<\/span>Wittfogel<\/span>\uff09\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u8457\u540d\u8bba\u65ad\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u5927\u6cb3\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86\u5b8c\u5907\u7684\u6c34\u5229\u704c\u6e89\u548c\u6297\u6d2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u96c6\u6743\u548c\u5a01\u6743\u7684\u653f\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u73b0\u8c61\u5728\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u540c\u6837\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\uff08<\/span>Kennedy<\/span>\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u519c\u4e1a\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u9700\u6c42\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u704c\u6e89\u6280\u672f\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u957f\u671f\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u548c\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002\u867d\u7136\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u65ad\u88ab\u6307\u8bc1\u636e\u4e0d\u591f\u5145\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u5b66\u754c\u666e\u904d\u540c\u610f\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6210\u529f\u7684\u524d\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4ea7\u751f\u96c6\u6743\u548c\u5a01\u6743\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u54c8\u91cc\u91cc\uff08<\/span>Hariri<\/span>\uff09\u5219\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u65e9\u671f\u519c\u4e1a\u5f71\u54cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u519c\u4e1a\u548c\u5b9a\u5c45\u6587\u660e\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u53d1\u5c55\u7a0b\u5ea6\u80fd\u591f\u5f71\u54cd\u6b27\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u662f\u5426\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8be5\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u63a5\u89e6\u4f7f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4f53\u5236\u5f97\u4ee5\u8fdb\u5165\u672c\u5730\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u53d7\u6b27\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8f83\u8f7b\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u6b96\u6c11\u8005\u5728\u4e2d\u4e1c\u66f4\u5c11\u5730\u91c7\u7528\u76f4\u63a5\u5b9a\u5c45\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u591a\u5730\u91c7\u53d6\u4e00\u4e9b\u95f4\u63a5\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u5a01\u6743\u7ed3\u6784\u5f97\u4ee5\u5ef6\u7eed\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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2\u3001<\/span><\/strong>\u5916\u56f4\u6c99\u6f20\u5730\u533a\u548c\u6e38\u7267\u90e8\u843d\u7684<\/span><\/strong>\u201c<\/span>\u6096\u8bba<\/span><\/strong>\u201d<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u8457\u540d\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f0a\u672c\u00b7\u8d6b\u52d2\u6566\uff08Ibn Khaldun\uff0c\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\uff09\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6e38\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u51dd\u805a\u529b\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u6a2a\u626b\u4e2d\u4e1c\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5e1d\u56fd\u3002\u80af\u5c3c\u8fea\u5219\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u6e38\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\u6096\u8bba\u201d(Nomadic Paradox)\uff1a\u5b9a\u5c45\u793e\u4f1a\u6709\u7740\u66f4\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u548c\u66f4\u5065\u5168\u7684\u8865\u7ed9\u94fe\uff0c\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u80fd\u529b\u4e0a\u8f83\u6e38\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\u6709\u7edd\u5bf9\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4f46\u6e38\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\u6709\u7740\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u673a\u52a8\u6027\u3001\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u9a6c\u80cc\u4f5c\u6218\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u5bf9\u8270\u82e6\u73af\u5883\u8fc7\u4eba\u7684\u5fcd\u8010\u529b\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u4efb\u4eba\u552f\u8d24\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5f80\u5f80\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5728\u4ee5\u9a91\u5c04\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u83b7\u80dc\u3002\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4e0e\u4f20\u64ad\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u6e38\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u4f18\u52bf\u7684\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u4e8c\u3001\u524d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u671f\u5bf9\u201c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7edf\u6cbb\u201d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/span>
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\u5728\u53e4\u5178\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u4ee3\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7edf\u6cbb<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u524d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u671f\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u968f\u7740\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u4f20\u64ad\u800c\u5174\u8d77\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6df7\u5408\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u62dc\u5360\u5ead\u5e1d\u56fd\u548c\u8428\u73ca\u5e1d\u56fd\u7b49\u5e1d\u56fd\u7ed3\u6784\u5bf9\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4f53\u5236\u548c\u540c\u65f6\u671f\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\uff08<\/span><\/span>Hellenistic<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\uff08<\/span>Persian<\/span>\uff09\u6709\u5173\u5584\u6cbb\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5ef6\u7eed\u5230\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u671f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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 <\/span>1\u3001<\/span>\u81ea\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0e\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\u665a\u671f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u90fd\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u88ab\u53e4\u5178\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u4ee3\u7ee7\u627f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4e0e\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fdb\u884c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0a\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u6700\u660e\u663e\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u7ee7\u627f\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u519b\u961f\u5f81\u670d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u524d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u671f\u5728\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u5c45\u4e8e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5404\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u884c\u653f\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u65e9\u671f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6709\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4f50\u8bc1\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u5f0f\u6bd4\u5176\u4ed6\u540e\u7f57\u9a6c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u897f\u6b27\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f62\u5f0f\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u88ab\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u5e0c\u814a\u3001\u79d1\u666e\u7279\u548c\u6ce2\u65af\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u671f\u4f9d\u7136\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u653f\u4e2d\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u800c\u5b98\u50da\u4eba\u5458\u4e5f\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u5b97\u6559\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u79d1\u666e\u7279\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b98\u50da\u9636\u5c42\u6700\u7ec8\u7688\u4f9d\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u3002\u5b98\u50da\u884c\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\u6700\u7ec8\u4e0e\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5b97\u6559\u76f8\u9002\u5e94\u5e76\u88ab\u5408\u7406\u5316\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u7acb\u6cd5\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5904\u7406\u72af\u7f6a\u548c\u5f81\u7a0e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5728\u82cf\u4e39\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e0b\u9010\u6e10\u4e0e\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6cd5\u878d\u5165\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7acb\u6cd5\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u5177\u6709\u5b57\u9762\u610f\u4e49\u7684<\/span>\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u6027<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u90e8\u843d\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e0e\u89c4\u8303\u3002\u514b\u7f57\u6069\uff08<\/span><\/span>Crone<\/span>\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u90e8\u843d\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u662f\u4e92\u4e3a\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7531\u771f\u5b9e\u6216\u865a\u6784\u7684\u8840\u7f18\u5173\u7cfb\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u90e8\u843d\u662f\u6709\u5173\u793e\u4f1a\u63a7\u5236\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u5316\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\u56fd\u5bb6\u66f4\u5177\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0a\u4e5f\u66f4\u4e3a\u53d1\u8fbe\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u7684\u90e8\u843d\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u8d85\u8d8a\u4e86\u5176\u5f62\u6210\u65f6\u7684\u539f\u60c5\u5883\uff0c\u5bf9\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e16\u754c\u6301\u7eed\u5730\u65bd\u52a0\u7740\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u76f4\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\u3002\u54c8\u62c9\u514b\uff08<\/span>Hallaq<\/span>\uff09\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e1c\u7684\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u9886\u8896\u4eec\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u7ee7\u627f\u7684\u90e8\u843d\u793e\u4f1a\u5185\u90e8\u884c\u4e8b\uff0c<\/span>\u201c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5386\u53f2\u9057\u4ea7\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u6240\u79ef\u7d2f\u7684\u5386\u53f2<\/span>\u201d\u3002 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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 <\/span>2\u3001<\/span>\u524d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u524d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5236\u5ea6\u5143\u7d20\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u65e9\u671f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u4ece\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u4e3a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd1\u53e4\u65f6\u4ee3\u6709\u5173\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e5f\u5bf9\u53e4\u5178\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u4ee3\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e2d\u4e1c\u793e\u4f1a\u4ece\u4e30\u5bcc\u591a\u6837\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u6587\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e2d\u6c72\u53d6\u4e86\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4ece\u90e8\u5206\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u53d7\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9762\u79ef\u5e7f\u5927\uff0c\u800c\u53c8\u5904\u4e8e\u4e9a\u975e\u6b27\u5927\u9646\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u6240\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u3002\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u9057\u4ea7\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5e03\u91cc\u53f6\uff08<\/span>Bulliet\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7279\u70b9\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u5176\u5e7f\u88a4\u9886\u571f\u5185\u4f17\u591a\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u4e0e\u5305\u5bb9\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4f0a\u6717\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u6a21\u578b\u4e5f\u662f\u4e5f\u662f\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5e0c\u814a<\/span>–\u6ce2\u65af\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u7684\u548c\u524d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u671f\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u5171\u540c\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u4ee5\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u738b\u671d\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u601d\u60f3\u878d\u5408\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u79cd\u9014\u5f84\u5c31\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5bab\u5ef7\u79d8\u4e66\u4eec\uff0c\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u4eba\u7269\u5c31\u662f\u4f0a\u672c<\/span>\u00b7\u7a46\u683c\u6cd5<\/span> (Ibn al-Muqaffa\uff0c\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0641\u0639<\/span>)\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6ce2\u65af\u3001\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u3001\u7410\u7f57\u4e9a\u65af\u5fb7\u6559\u548c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u6700\u7ec8\u878d\u5408\u4e8e\u65e9\u671f\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e09\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6<\/strong><\/span>
<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u65e2\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u524d\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u65f6\u671f\u4e2d\u4e1c\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u601d\u60f3\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u53c8\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u5f81\u670d\u671f\u95f4\u548c\u4e4b\u540e\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6cbb\u7406\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u3002\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u65e2\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u5f81\u670d\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u5ea6\u9057\u4ea7\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u88ab\u5e26\u5165\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u524d\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u65f6\u671f\u6709\u5173\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4eba\u5f81\u670d\u540e\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u7ef4\u6301\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u82b1\u6837\u7e41\u591a\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u5171\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u7ebf\uff0c\u5176\u4e00\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u519b\u4e8b\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eec\u652f\u67f1\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5974\u96b6\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5176\u4e8c\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u519c\u8015\u571f\u5730\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u884d\u751f\u54c1\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span><\/strong>\u5236\u8861<\/span><\/strong>\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u592e\u6743\u529b\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3002 <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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 1\u3001<\/span>\u519b\u4e8b\u5974\u96b6\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u571f\u5730\u7684\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e0e\u897f\u6b27\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u541b\u4e3b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u82cf\u4e39\u4eec\u4ece\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ee5\u5c01\u8d4f\u571f\u5730\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u5411\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u53d1\u653e\u519b\u9977\u3002\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u738b\u671d\u5728\u6cbb\u56fd\u7406\u653f\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u521b\u65b0\u5c31\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u5916\u56fd\u519b\u4e8b\u5974\u96b6\uff08<\/span>mamluk<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\uff09\u4f5c\u4e3a\u519b\u961f\u7684\u652f\u67f1\u6027\u7cbe\u82f1\u7fa4\u4f53\u3002\u5f53\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u738b\u671d\u65e0\u6cd5\u62db\u52df\u5230\u8db3\u591f\u591a\u7684\u58eb\u5175\u6765\u5e94\u4ed8\u5185\u6218\u4e4b\u65f6\uff0c\u54c8\u91cc\u53d1\u9009\u62e9\u4e86\u4ece\u4e2d\u4e9a\u62db\u52df\u5974\u96b6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u58eb\u5175\u3002\u7a46\u65af\u6797\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u7edd\u5bf9\u4f18\u52bf\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u4ece\u5916\u56fd\u8fdb\u53e3\u519b\u4e8b\u5974\u96b6\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u50cf\u897f\u6b27\u90a3\u6837\u5efa\u7acb\u571f\u5730\u5206\u5c01\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u81ea\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u963f\u62d4\u65af\u738b\u671d\u5f00\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u519b\u4e8b\u5974\u96b6\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u884c\u4e3a\u9010\u6e10\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u6574\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u5e76\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u6570\u767e\u5e74\u6765\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u88ab\u79f0\u4f5c\u201c\u9a6c\u6728\u9c81\u514b<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5974\u96b6\u53d7\u8bad\u826f\u597d\uff0c\u9886\u7740\u4e30\u539a\u7684\u85aa\u6c34\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e16\u88ad\u7684\u571f\u5730\u8d35\u65cf\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e0\u6cd5\u5c06\u9a6c\u6728\u9c81\u514b\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u4f20\u7ed9\u540e\u4ee3\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u519b\u4e8b\u5974\u96b6\u88ab\u6709\u610f\u5730\u548c\u5f53\u5730\u793e\u4f1a\u9694\u7edd\u5f00\u4e86\uff0c\u519b\u961f\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65ad\u5438\u7eb3\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u4e9a\u7684\u65b0\u9c9c\u8840\u6db2\u53d6\u4ee3\u539f\u6709\u6210\u5458\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u58eb<\/span><\/span>\u5175\u4eec\u4ee5\u5404\u79cd\u9014\u5f84\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u672c\u5730\u52bf\u529b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\u7684\u662f\u5411\u4ed6\u4eec\u8d50\u4e88\u6682\u65f6\u6027\u7684\u4ece\u519c\u4e1a\u571f\u5730\u83b7\u53d6\u7a0e\u6536\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u652f\u4ed8\u4ed6\u4eec\u85aa\u8d44\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u91c7\u9091\u5236\u5ea6\uff08<\/span>iqta<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u4f0a\u62c9\u514b\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u4f0a\u6717\u3001\u963f\u5bcc\u6c57\u3001\u53d9\u5229\u4e9a\u548c\u57c3\u53ca\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u91c7\u9091\u5236\u5ea6\u53ea\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u519b\u4e8b\u5974\u96b6\u4eec\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u571f\u5730\u5f81\u7a0e\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u571f\u5730\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6743\uff0c\u91c7\u9091\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ee7\u627f\u6216\u51fa\u552e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5c01\u5efa\u9886\u4e3b\u4eec\u626e\u6f14\u7740<\/span>\u201c\u5730\u5934\u86c7<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\uff0c\u91c7\u9091\u7684\u6240\u6709\u8005\u4eec\u5374\u65e0\u610f\u4e3a\u5c01\u5730\u5185\u7684\u767e\u59d3\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u9a6c\u6728\u9c81\u514b\u4eec\u6781\u529b\u4e89\u53d6\u5c06\u91c7\u9091\u53ef\u7ee7\u627f\u5316\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ece\u672a\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u505a\u51fa\u8fc7\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e1c\u4e5f\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u5c11\u6709\u7684<\/span>\u201c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u571f\u5730\u76f4\u63a5\u5c5e\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u5730\u533a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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 <\/span>2\u3001<\/span>\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5728\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u53e4\u5178\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u571f\u5730\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u7cbe\u82f1\u9636\u5c42\u62c5\u5fe7\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d22\u5bcc\u4f1a\u88ab\u56fd\u5bb6\u63a0\u53d6\uff0c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6148\u5584\u4fe1\u6258\uff08<\/span>waqf<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>\u0648\u0642\u0641\uff09\u5e94\u8fd0\u800c\u751f\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5236\u5ea6\u4f7f\u5f97\u5bcc\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u4fdd\u62a4\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u4e0d\u53d7\u56fd\u5bb6\u652b\u53d6\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u9075\u5b88\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u6709\u6743\u51b3\u5b9a\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7f6e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6148\u5584\u4fe1\u6258\u53d7\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u4eec\u7684\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5219\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u6258\u8d44\u91d1\u652f\u6301\u56fd\u5bb6\u672a\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u671d\u89d0\u8005\u9a7f\u7ad9\u3001\u516c\u5171\u6d74\u5ba4\u3001\u55b7\u6cc9\u3001\u533b\u9662\u7b49\u3002\u5e93\u5170\uff08<\/span>Kuran<\/span>\uff09\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u4fe1\u6258\u5236\u5ea6\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d22\u4ea7\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6362\u53d6\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u76ca\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u3002\u5e03\u83b1\u5fb7\u65af\uff08<\/span>Blaydes<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u67e5\u5185\uff08<\/span>Chaney<\/span>\uff09\u5219\u6307\u51fa\u4fe1\u6258\u5236\u5ea6\u662f\u5728\u519b\u4e8b\u5974\u96b6\u88ab\u5f15\u8fdb\u540e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u5d1b\u8d77\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u9886\u8896\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u9886\u5bfc\u4eec\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5b97\u6559\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5229\u76ca\u95f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u901a\u8fc7\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u5229\u7528\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u80fd\u786e\u4fdd\u5f53\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4eec\u628a\u652b\u63a0\u4e4b\u624b\u4f38\u5411\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u6258\u65f6\u5fc5\u7136\u8981\u4ed8\u51fa\u5e94\u6709\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56db\u3001\u7a81\u53a5\u4eba\u3001\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u548c\u8349\u539f\u6218\u58eb\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6<\/strong><\/span>
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\u516c\u5143\u516b\u81f3\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u548c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5206\u754c\u7ebf\u6e10\u8d8b\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u90fd\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u7ef4\u62a4\u73b0\u6709\u7586\u754c\u800c\u975e\u5f00\u7586\u62d3\u571f\u3002\u4f46\u81ea\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u59cb\uff0c\u51e0\u6b21\u5927\u7684\u5f02\u65cf\u5165\u4fb5\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5730\u533a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u201c\u65b0\u7684\u86ee\u65cf\u5165\u4fb5\u201d\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u4e9a\u8349\u539f\u7684\u7a81\u53a5\u4eba\uff0c\u201c\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5e73\u8861\u201d\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5341\u4e09\u4e16\u7eaa\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u88ab\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4eec\u89c6\u4e3a\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u6765\u81ea\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5916\u90e8\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u5373\u5341\u5b57\u519b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u9ece\u51e1\u7279\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4f46\u672c\u6587\u5bf9\u6b64\u4e0d\u505a\u8be6\u7ec6\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/span>1\u3001<\/span>\u7a81\u53a5\u4eba\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u548c\u585e\u5c14\u67f1\u738b\u671d\u7684\u5efa\u7acb<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u7a81\u53a5\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u548c\u6700\u7ec8\u5360\u636e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u662f\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u91cd\u8981\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u7a81\u53a5\u4eba\u5e76\u975e\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u90e8\u843d\uff0c\u4f46\u90fd\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u522b\u7684\u7a81\u53a5\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u5e76\u5927\u90fd\u62e5\u6709\u4e2d\u4e9a\u8349\u539f\u8840\u7edf\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u4e3a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u662f\u585e\u5c14\u67f1\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6700\u7ec8\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a2a\u8de8\u5b89\u7eb3\u6258\u5229\u4e9a\u5927\u90e8\u3001\u9ece\u51e1\u7279\u3001\u7f8e\u7d22\u4e0d\u8fbe\u7c73\u4e9a\u3001\u6ce2\u65af\u548c\u4e2d\u4e9a\u5927\u90e8\u7684\u5e7f\u9614\u738b\u671d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/span>2\u3001<\/span>\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u4e0e\u79fb\u6c11<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e0a\u8ff0\u89c2\u70b9\u90fd\u8868\u660e\u7a81\u53a5\u548c\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u8349\u539f\u79fb\u6c11\u4f7f\u5f97<\/span>\u201c\u4e1c\u90e8\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u73af\u5883\u90fd\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5f88\u5927\u8f6c\u53d8<\/span>\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6ce2\u65af\u548c\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u7a81\u53a5\u548c\u8499\u53e4\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>\u201c\u5171\u751f<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u7684<\/span>\u201c\u590d\u5408\u6587\u5316<\/span>\u201d\u4e3a\u6b64\u540e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u4e94\u3001\u4ece\u5e1d\u56fd\u5f0f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u5230\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6<\/span>
<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u706b\u836f\u548c\u70ed\u5175\u5668\u7684\u5174\u8d77\uff0c\u6e38\u7267\u6c11\u65cf\u9010\u6e10\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u6269\u5f20\u8282\u594f\u8d8b\u7f13\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u6253\u8d25\u6216\u5438\u6536\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u5404\u80a1\u90e8\u843d\u52bf\u529b\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u53d8\u9769\uff0c\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u4f53\u5236\u59cb\u7ec8\u53d7\u5230\u6b64\u524d\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u96c6\u6743\u5b98\u50da\u4f53\u7cfb\u3001\u91c7\u9091\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u5974\u96b6\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u7b49\u3002\u6587\u4e66\u7cbe\u82f1\u4eec\u4e5f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5c31\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u5e02\u6c11\u6c9f\u901a\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f53\u5236\u56e0\u7d20\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u672a\u4e3a\u7a33\u5065\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u521b\u9020\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8f83\u4f4e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u884c\u653f\u7ea6\u675f\u548c\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u571f\u5730\u56fd\u6709\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u6709\u6548\u6295\u8d44\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u800c\u5b97\u6559\u7cbe\u82f1\u76f8\u5bf9\u5f3a\u52bf\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u4e5f\u59a8\u788d\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u521b\u65b0\u3002\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0a\u7684\u8870\u5f31\u6700\u7ec8\u6f14\u53d8\u4e3a\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u8870\u843d\u3002\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8870\u843d\u548c\u6700\u7ec8\u74e6\u89e3\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u4e1c\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u505a\u597d\u4e86\u94fa\u57ab\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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 <\/span>1\u3001<\/span>\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5236\u5ea6<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u5c3d\u7ba1\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e00\u76f4\u88ab\u89c6\u4f5c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u5178\u8303\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u3002\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee5\u66b4\u529b\u5f81\u670d\u53cd\u53db\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u4eba\u5374\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u534f\u5546\u5904\u7406\u8bc9\u6c42\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u8c08\u5224\u548c\u6536\u7f16\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6210\u529f\u5e73\u606f\u53db\u4e71\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u8fd9\u4e00\u624b\u6bb5\u5f97\u4ee5\u6210\u529f\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u82cf\u4e39\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6388\u4e88\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u673a\u6784\u5219\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u5438\u7eb3\u548c\u6536\u7f16\u4f17\u591a\u6e38\u79bb\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u5b88\u89c4\u77e9\u7684\u201c\u6311\u6218\u8005<\/span>\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e5f\u96c7\u4f63\u519b\u4e8b\u5974\u96b6\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u5f3a\u5236\u62db\u52df\u5e1d\u56fd\u5c5e\u5730\u4e2d\u7684\u7537\u6027\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u513f\u7ae5\u5f97\u6765\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u88ab\u8981\u6c42\u6539\u4fe1\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u6559\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u8bad\u7ec3\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u5bb6\u6700\u9ad8\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5f79\u5458\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u529b\u6216\u8d22\u5bcc\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u4ec5\u80fd\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6e20\u9053\u83b7\u5f97\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

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 <\/span>2\u3001<\/span>\u6b96\u6c11\u5165\u4fb5\u548c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u8870\u843d<\/span><\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u897f\u6b27\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u5316\u4f18\u52bf\u4f7f\u5176\u6700\u7ec8\u593a\u53d6\u4e86\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3b\u5bfc\u6743\uff0c\u5e76\u8fdb\u800c\u6f14\u5316\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u4e00\u6218\u4e2d\u7684\u6e83\u8d25\u66b4\u9732\u51fa\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u6b27\u6d32\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\u65f6\u7684\u4e0d\u582a\u4e00\u51fb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e3a\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u505a\u4e86\u94fa\u57ab\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u968f\u7740\u4e00\u6218\u7684\u7206\u53d1\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f00\u59cb\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u56e0\u7d20\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u5730\u533a\u5236\u5ea6\u9057\u4ea7\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c<\/span>20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e2d\u4e1c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u738b\u671d\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7edf\u6cbb\u7531\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u3001\u4ee5\u57ce\u5e02\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u7cbe\u82f1\u6240\u652f\u6491\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u5229\u76ca\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u7b49\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u673a\u6784\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u519c\u6751\u58eb\u7ec5\u6240\u652f\u6491\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u665a\u7684\u519c\u4e1a\u571f\u5730\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u53d1\u5c55\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u571f\u5730\u62e5\u6709\u8005\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u63a7\u5236\u751f\u4ea7\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u63a5\u53d7\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u8be5\u533a\u57df\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u5411\u793e\u4f1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u5168\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f46\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u901a\u8fc7\u5b97\u6559\u6148\u5584\u4fe1\u6258\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u673a\u6784\u63d0\u4f9b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e3a\u7ba1\u7406\u8fd9\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u7cbe\u82f1\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u7684\u7b79\u7801\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u9884\u544a\u3011\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba\u63a8\u51fa\u9876\u7ea7\u671f\u520a\u5b66\u672f\u52a8\u6001\u901f\u9012\uff01<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u65b0\u520a\u901f\u9012\u3011\u7b2c01\u671f | Review of International Studies  Vol.45, No.4, 2019<\/span><\/a>
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\u3010\u65b0\u520a\u901f\u9012\u3011\u7b2c02\u671f | International Relations Vol.33, No.3, 2019<\/span><\/a>
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\u5206\u7c7b\u5bfc\u89c8 1 <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\"\u3010\u4e2d\u4e1c\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u4e28\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba\"<\/p>\n


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\u5206\u7c7b\u5bfc\u89c8 2 <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\"\u3010\u4e2d\u4e1c\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u4e28\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba\"<\/p>\n


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\u70b9\u201c\u5728\u770b\u201d\u7ed9\u6211\u4e00\u6735\u5c0f\u9ec4\u82b1\"\u3010\u4e2d\u4e1c\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u4e28\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba\"<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u539f\u6587\u59cb\u53d1\u4e8e\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\uff08\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba\uff09\uff1a\u3010\u4e2d\u4e1c\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u4e2d\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u4e28\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u3001 \u4f5c\u54c1\u7b80\u4ecb \u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u3011\u4e3d\u838e\u00b7\u5e03\u83b1\u5fb7\u65af(L<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14953,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[23,28],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14952"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14952"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14952\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14963,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14952\/revisions\/14963"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14953"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14952"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14952"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14952"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}