{"id":13970,"date":"2019-10-02T14:16:27","date_gmt":"2019-12-30T09:17:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/2019\/12\/30\/0828f6ab35\/"},"modified":"2019-12-30T17:17:52","modified_gmt":"2019-12-30T09:17:52","slug":"0828f6ab35","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/2019\/10\/02\/0828f6ab35\/","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u6d3e\u3011\u5f81\u670d\u91ce\u86ee\uff1a\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u5c06\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u4e28\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u754c\u5c06\u76ee\u5149\u6295\u5411<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u89c6\u4e3a\u5f53\u524d\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5206\u6c34\u5cad\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u5728\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u9610\u8ff0\u4e861<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u533a\u5206\u975e\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u67b6\u6784\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e00\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u673a\u5236\u5982\u4f55\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u4ee5\u897f\u6b27\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u8fdb\u5165<\/span>2<\/span>0<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u5df2\u7ecf\u88ab\u4e00\u79cd\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u2014\u5373\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u2014\u6240\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\u4f9d\u7136\u5851\u9020\u7740\u4eba\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u76ee\u524d\u9488\u5bf9\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u6ce8\u610f\u5230<\/span>\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u5851\u9020\u8fd9\u4e9b<\/span><\/span>\u6807\u51c6<\/span><\/span>\u4e2d\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u89d2\u8272<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u5728\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u5982\u4f55\u5728<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6210\u4e3a\u65e9\u671f\u56fd\u9645\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u628a\u7ba1\u63a7\u81ea\u7136\u89c6\u4e3a\u8861\u91cf\u6587\u660e\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6307\u6807\uff0c\u8fd9\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\uff0c\uff08\u4eba\u4eec\uff09\u610f\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u9a7e\u9a6d\u81ea\u7136\u4ee5\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u5728<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5d4c\u5165\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u6784\u5efa\uff0c\u4ee5\u652f\u914d\u548c\u5f00\u53d1\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u6587\u660e\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u8d77\u4e00\u79cd<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u3002<\/span>\u8fd9\u4e00<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u8be5\u653f\u4f53\u5bf9\u5185\u7684\u9886\u571f\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u8be5\u653f\u4f53\u5bf9\u5916\u5c65\u884c\u5b83\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u660e\u653f\u4f53\u6240\u8d1f\u6709\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u4f53\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e00<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u6700\u4e3a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u56f4\u7ed5\u7ba1\u63a7\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u6597\u4e89<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u80fd\u5426\u5bf9\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u6548\u7ba1\u63a7\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u5bf9\u5185\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u56fd\u9645\u9053\u5fb7\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u5c65\u884c\u56fd\u9645\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u5931\u8d25\u4f7f\u5176\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u63a7\u5236\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4fc3\u4f7f1<\/span>856<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u5e73\u4f1a\u8bae\u521b\u7acb\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u6cb3\u53e3\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u6548\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a<\/span><\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6<\/span><\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u547c\u5401\u5b66\u754c\u5173\u6ce8\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u5173\u5b66\u754c\u8d28\u7591\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u5411\u5916\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bba\uff0c\u7ea0\u6b63\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u3001\u5355\u5411\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u5173\u6ce8\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u7a7a\u80cc\u666f\uff08<\/span><\/span>context-specific<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u897f\u65b9\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5177\u6709\u590d\u6742\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u90a3\u4e9b\u5f71\u54cd<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u4ea7\u751f\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6587\u660e\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\u5730\u7406\u56e0\u7d20\u5728\u521b\u9020\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed4\u7ec6\u8003\u5bdf<\/span><\/span><\/strong>19<\/span><\/strong>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u897f\u6b27\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u897f\u65b9\u6709\u5173\u6587\u660e\u548c\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u4e0a\uff0c\u80fd\u5426\u6709\u6548\u7ba1\u63a7\u81ea\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6587\u660e\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c2\u5ff5\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u897f\u6b27\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u5728\u9886\u571f\u63a7\u5236\u4e0a\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u88ab\u5305\u542b\u5728\u5173\u4e8e\u9ed1\u6d77\u5730\u533a\u6587\u660e\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u6f14\u8fdb\u4e2d\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u5c06\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span><\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6<\/span><\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u5047\u5b9a\uff08<\/span><\/span>assumption<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u4fc3\u4f7f\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5f97\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65e9\u671f\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u9645\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u96cf\u5f62\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u9a6f\u5316\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f97\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u5f00\u5c55\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5728<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u652f\u914d\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u7684<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u88ab\u5185\u5d4c\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u8bbe\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ee7\u7eed\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u5f53\u4eca\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u91cc\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u4e92\u52a8\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n


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 <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u4e8c\u3001\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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 <\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u9488\u5bf9<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u63a2\u5bfb\u7684\u662f\u7ec4\u6210\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u67b6\u6784\u3002\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51c6\u5219\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u5b83\u4eec\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u533a\u5206\u83b7\u5f97\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08<\/span><\/span>civilized states<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u4e0e\u672a\u83b7\u5f97\u627f\u8ba4\u7684\u975e\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u4f9b\u6b63\u5f53\u6027<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u6211\u9632\u536b\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5178\u548c\u5bf9\u5185\u5b9e\u884c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3001\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u8bd5\u56fe\u906e\u63a9\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6b96\u6c11\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u590d\u5174<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u5510\u7eb3\u5229\uff08<\/span><\/span>Donnelly<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span><\/span>\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u7ea6\u675f\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5176\u83b7\u5f97\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u51c6\u5219\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u7ecf\u5178<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u4e2d\u4e0d\u90a3\u4e48\u9ed1\u6697\u7684\u4e00\u9762\u3002\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ece1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u4e2d\u590d\u5174\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u51c6\u5219\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6807\u51c6<\/span>\u201d<\/span>\uff08<\/span><\/span>liberal standard of legitimacy<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u662d\u793a\u7740\u56fd\u9645\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u7684\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u3002\u6279\u8bc4\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u505a\u6cd5\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e4b\u95f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6697\u793a\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u89c4\u8303\u4f20\u64ad\u5e26\u6709\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u5f0f\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u8bba\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5b58\u5728\u8bf8\u591a\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8003\u5bdf\u897f\u65b9\u89c4\u8303\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u4ee5\u53ca\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f97\u4ee5\u88ab\u8be5\u79e9\u5e8f\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5206\u6790\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u6d3e\u5bf9\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u5373\u65b0\u6210\u5458\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u52a0\u5165\u6587\u660e\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u901a\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e00\u6269\u5c55\u7edf\u4e00\u4e86\u5168\u7403\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f9d\u9760\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u6280\u672f\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u6709\u8d56\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u4ee5\u56fd\u5185\u9886\u571f\u4e3b\u6743\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5730\u4f4d\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u65b0\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u5e03\u5c14\u548c\u6c83\u7279\u68ee\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u81ea\u8eab\u5386\u53f2\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bba\u3002\u5728\u66f4\u8fd1\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa<\/span><\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6<\/span><\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u5728<\/span>2<\/span>1<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u56f4\u7ed5<\/span>\u201c\u5931\u8d25\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u9488\u5bf9\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u6d3e\u6700\u521d\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6279\u8bc4\u6709\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bd5\u56fe\u901a\u8fc7\u8c28\u614e\u5730\u8003\u5bdf1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5982\u4f55\u6ee1\u8db3\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6765\u7ea0\u6b63\u8dbe\u9ad8\u6c14\u626c\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u4e9b\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u5173\u6ce8\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6b27\u6d32\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u4ee5\u8c03\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u4f8b\u5916\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u8482\u59c6<\/span><\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u9093\u6069\uff08<\/span><\/span>Tim Dunne<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u8482\u5b89<\/span><\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u7f57\u4f0a<\/span><\/span>–\u65bd\u5bc6\u7279<\/span><\/span>\uff08<\/span><\/span>Christian Reus-Smit<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u8d28\u7591\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u5411\u5916\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u7ebf\u6027\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>\u201c\u5168\u7403\u5316\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e0d\u5e73\u8861\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span>\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd1\u671f\u5173\u4e8e<\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6<\/span><\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6279\u8bc4\u4e86\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5b83\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u90a3\u4e9b<\/span>\u201c\u597d\u201d\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u504f\u597d\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u4e0e\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5c06\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u89c6\u4e3a\u63ed\u793a\u5f53\u524d\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u67b6\u6784\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u5b9a\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u89c4\u8303\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u56fd\u5173\u5b66\u754c\u6240\u5ffd\u7565\u3002<\/span>\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u6210\u4e3a\u6784\u6210<\/span><\/span><\/strong>19<\/span><\/strong>\u4e16\u7eaa\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u89c2\u5ff5\uff0c\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u533a\u5206\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u975e\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u5bdf<\/span><\/span><\/strong>1856<\/span><\/strong>\u5e74\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u63cf\u7ed8\u51fa\u4e86\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u5305\u542b\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u5236\u5ea6\u53ca\u5176\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5e76\u4e0d\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u51c6\u786e\u6765\u8bf4<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ba1\u7406\u7740\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u65e5\u76ca\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ba1\u7406\u6cb3\u6d41\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6027\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u521b\u7acb\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u65e0\u5173\u7d27\u8981\uff0c\u4f46\u76f4\u5230<\/span>2<\/span>0<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u65e9\u671f\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5f00\u59cb\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u6784\u8fdb\u884c\u7f16\u76ee\u65f6\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5bf9\u56fd\u9645\u6cbb\u7406\u800c\u8a00\u5177\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5728<\/span>2\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u65b9\u9762\u6811\u7acb\u4e86\u5178\u8303\uff1a\u4e00\u662f\u5b83\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u9886\u571f\u5f53\u5c40\uff08<\/span>territorial authority<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u4e8c\u662f\u5b83\u4f5c\u4e3a\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u4e0e\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u7684\u673a\u6784\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u6210\u529f\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u8fd9\u79cd\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8def\u5f84\u8574\u542b\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u56fd\u9645\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u8054\u76df\u548c\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6267\u884c\u673a\u6784\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5c06\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span><\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6<\/span><\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u5c06\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u6210\u529f\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u6280\u672f\u4e13\u5bb6\u548c\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u5316\u6d3b\u52a8\u5c31\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u8303\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u5473\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8bf4\u7684<\/span>\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u5c06\u7126\u70b9\u4ece\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0e\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u51b2\u7a81\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5728\u5c06\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6587\u660e\u7f6e\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u9762\u65f6\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u603b\u662f\u663e\u5f97\u975e\u5e38\u8c28\u614e\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u9664\u4e86\u6781\u4e2a\u522b\u7684\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8c28\u614e\u548c\u62c5\u5fe7\u5728\u56fd\u5173\u5b66\u754c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4e00\u4e9b\u8457\u4f5c\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u201c\u73af\u5883\u7ba1\u7406\u201d\uff08<\/span>environmental stewardship<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u9996\u8981\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5bf9\u52a8\u7269\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4e5f\u662f\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4f46\u76ee\u524d\u5b66\u754c\u5e76\u672a\u5145\u5206\u6ce8\u610f\u5230<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb\u53ca\u5176\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u957f\u4e45\u9057\u4ea7\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u9a6f\u5316\u548c\u5229\u7528\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u65e2\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u56fd\u5185\u5236\u5ea6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5b83\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u5177\u6709\u5408\u6cd5\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8bc1\u636e<\/strong>\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u5c06\u7ba1\u63a7\u81ea\u7136\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u652f\u914d\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\u7684<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u548c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65e9\u671f\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u80fd\u542f\u53d1\u4eba\u4eec\u6d1e\u5bdf\u4e3a\u4f55\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u4e09\u3001\u7ba1\u63a7\u81ea\u7136\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u53cc\u91cd\u542b\u4e49\u7684\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5c06\u7ba1\u63a7\u81ea\u7136\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u660e\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u673a\u5236\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u4f53\u5bf9\u5185\u7684\u9886\u571f\u6743\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u80a9\u8d1f\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u9886\u571f\u6743\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u73b0\u4ee3\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u9886\u571f\u6743\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u7684\u662f\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u5230<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u660e\u786e\u8fb9\u754c\u7684\u9886\u571f\u56fd\u5bb6\u6210\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u6210\u4e3a<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u6587\u660e\u5316\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e00\u5458\uff0c\u5404\u56fd\u90fd\u8bd5\u56fe\u5efa\u7acb\u96c6\u6743\u5316\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4ee5\u4fbf\u80fd\u591f\u5bf9\u4e00\u7247\u8fde\u7eed\u7684\u571f\u5730\u884c\u4f7f\u6392\u4ed6\u6027\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u6743\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9886\u571f\u6743\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf9\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u7ba1\u8f96\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u73b0\u4ee3\u9886\u571f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u4f9d\u9760\u7684\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7406\u6027\u548c\u6587\u660e\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4fe1\u5ff5\u3002\u8a79\u59c6\u65af<\/span><\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cbb\u56fd\u65b9\u7565\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5b98\u50da\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u76ee\u6807\u5c31\u662f\u9a7e\u9a6d\u81ea\u7136\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u8d44\u6e90\u4e2d\u83b7\u5229\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b9e\u73b0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u91c7\u53d6\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u9ad8\u5ea6\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\uff08<\/span><\/span>high-modernism ideology<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u2014\u2014\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u6280\u672f\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u597d\u5904\u4e3a\u7ba1\u63a7\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u4e00\u5207\u4eba\u7c7b\u6d3b\u52a8\u63d0\u4f9b\u5408\u7406\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u6b64\u5916\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\u7ba1\u63a7\u81ea\u7136\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u800c\u8a00\u5c06\u5e26\u6765\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0e\u8d22\u653f\u4e0a\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u542f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6587\u660e\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002\u867d\u7136\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u5e76\u672a\u660e\u786e\u5730\u5c06\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4e0e\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u52a0\u5f3a\u9886\u571f\u63a7\u5236\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u542f\u8499\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u76f4\u63a5\u4e0e1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u76f8\u6302\u94a9\uff0c\u5c06\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u975e\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u533a\u522b\u5f00\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n

\n

\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u548c\u8fdb\u884c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bbe\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5c55\u73b0\u4e86\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u9a6f\u5316\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u4e3a\u5408\u6cd5\u4e14\u7b26\u5408\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u9886\u571f\u6743\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/span>1<\/span>8<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u5728\u8153\u7279\u70c8\u5927\u5e1d\u7684\u76d1\u7ba1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u6761<\/span>1<\/span>2<\/span>\u82f1\u91cc\u957f\u7684\u6c34\u6e20\u5f97\u4ee5\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5965\u5f97\u6cb3\u4e0a\uff0c\u7528\u6765\u6392\u5e72\u6cbc\u6cfd\u5730\u7684\u6c34\u5e76\u589e\u52a0\u519c\u4e1a\u7528\u5730\u9762\u79ef\u3002\u5728\u8153\u7279\u70c8\u5927\u5e1d\u7ed9\u4f0f\u5c14\u6cf0\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u201c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u8c01\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u80fd\u63d0\u9ad8\u571f\u58e4\u8d28\u91cf\u3001\u5f00\u57a6\u8352\u5730\u4ee5\u53ca\u6e05\u7406\u6cbc\u6cfd\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5f81\u670d\u91ce\u86ee\uff08<\/span>conquests from barbarism<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u201d\u63a7\u5236\u6cb3\u6d41\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u573a\u82f1\u96c4\u7ea7\u7684\u5f81\u670d\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u573a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u7136\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u5c06\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9650\u4e8e\u6b27\u6d32\u7586\u57df\u5185\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u8861\u91cf\u9886\u571f\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u5168\u7403\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f7f\u5f97\u7ba1\u63a7\u81ea\u7136\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u5f97\u4ee5\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u673a\u5236\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u9700\u8981\u80a9\u8d1f\u8d77\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f<\/span>1815<\/span>\u5e74\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u8fbe\u6210\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u8be5\u534f\u8bae\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6cb3\u5cb8\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u7ef4\u6301\u6b27\u6d32\u6c34\u8fd0\u822a\u7ebf\u7684\u7545\u901a\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u5728<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u516c\u5171\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u5e76\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6587\u660e\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u5177\u6709\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u56fd\u9645\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u5174\u76db\u901a\u8fc7\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f7f\u5f97\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u7406\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u6210\u4e3a\u5fc5\u7136\uff0c\u4e00\u662f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u80fd\u591f\u5229\u7528\u56fd\u5185\u8d44\u6e90\u6765\u63d0\u5347\u8d38\u6613\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u8d28\u91cf\u548c\u6570\u91cf\uff1b\u4e8c\u662f\u8d38\u6613\u8981\u6c42\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u6765\u786e\u4fdd\u5546\u54c1\u53ca\u670d\u52a1\u80fd\u5728\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u9ad8\u6548\u5730\u8fd0\u8f93\u3002<\/span>1<\/span>815<\/span>\u5e74\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u4f1a\u8bae\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u786e\u7acb\u4e86\u6cd5\u56fd\u6240\u63d0\u51fa\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e0a\u81ea\u7531\u822a\u884c\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u62e5\u6709\u4e86\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e49\u52a1\u6765\u7ef4\u6301\u56fd\u9645\u6cb3\u9053\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\uff09\u7684\u901a\u7545\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5168\u7403\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span><\/span>\u201c<\/span>\u6b27\u6d32\u534f\u8c03<\/span><\/span>\u201d<\/span>\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e0a\u7684\u822a\u884c\u5f88\u597d\u5730\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u4e86\u5c06\u7ba1\u63a7\u81ea\u7136\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u5c06\u901a\u8fc7\u8003\u5bdf1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bf4\u660e\u672a\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u5c65\u884c\u56fd\u9645\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e0d\u8d1f\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u5e76\u65e0\u6cd5\u6210\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6587\u660e\u6210\u5458\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u56db\u3001\u7ba1\u63a7\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u548c<\/strong><\/p>\n

1856\u5e74\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4fc4\u56fd\u5728\u7ef4\u6301\u5176\u5927\u56fd\u5730\u4f4d\u65f6\u5374\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u5728\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u5927\u56fd\u5730\u4f4d\u5df2\u7136\u5b58\u7591\u3002\u672c\u90e8\u5206\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u4e00\u56f0\u5883\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u9664\u4e86\u4fc4\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u5b83\u505c\u6ede\u4e0d\u524d\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u529b\u91cf\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u56f4\u7ed5\u7ba1\u63a7\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u6587\u660e\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4fc4\u56fd\u56fd\u9645\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u53d1\u751f\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5c06\u8003\u5bdf\u5bf9\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u4e3a\u5408\u6cd5\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u6807\u5fd7\uff1b\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u672c\u90e8\u5206\u8bba\u8bc1\u4e86\u5728<\/span>1<\/span>856<\/span>\u5e74\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u524d\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5982\u4f55\u5c06\u4fc4\u56fd\u5bf9\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u4e0d\u529b\u89c6\u4e3a\u672a\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5931\u8d25\u540c\u65f6\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u6b27\u6d32\u5411\u4e1c\u90e8\u91ce\u86ee\u5730\u533a\u8f93\u51fa\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7ba1\u9053\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e0b\u6e38\u5730\u533a\u7684\u91ce\u86ee\u548c\u6df7\u4e71\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u7ecf\u7531\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u5165\u4fb5\u4e0a\u6e38\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e0e\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u590d\u6742\u8054\u7cfb\u4e5f\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u5404\u56fd\u4e3a\u4e86\u7ba1\u63a7\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u800c\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


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4.1 <\/span><\/strong>\u5386\u4ee3\u7ba1\u63a7\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u6743\u5a01<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u5371\u9669\u800c\u672a\u88ab\u9a6f\u670d\u7684\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4e9f\u5f85\u7ba1\u63a7\u3002\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7684\u5371\u9669\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u662f\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5371\u9669<\/strong>\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6467\u6bc1\u6cbf\u5cb8\u6751\u5e84\u7684\u6d2a\u6c34\u4ee5\u53ca\u7ed9\u8d38\u6613\u8fd0\u8f93\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u822a\u884c\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u662f\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u7684\u5371\u9669<\/strong>\uff08<\/span><\/span>metaphysical dangers<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6df7\u4e71\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7406\u6027\u7684\u6587\u660e\u4ea7\u751f\u5a01\u80c1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u7c7b\u5a01\u80c1\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u7c7b\u667a\u6167\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u5fc3\u6765\u52a0\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u3002\u81ea\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u7ba1\u63a7\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\u901a\u8fc7\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u5b83\u4eec\u4fdd\u62a4\u6c11\u4f17\u514d\u4e8e\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5371\u9669\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u822a\u884c\u8005\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u6700\u5371\u9669\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u53ef\u80fd\u5c31\u662f\u94c1\u95e8\u5ce1\u8c37\uff08<\/span><\/span>the Iron Gate<\/span>\uff09<\/span>,<\/span>\u4e5f\u79f0\u4e3a\u5580\u5c71\u5ce1\u8c37\uff08<\/span><\/span>Kazan gorge<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u5b83\u662f<\/span><\/span>\u7279\u5170\u897f\u74e6\u5c3c\u4e9a\u963f\u5c14\u5351\u65af\u5c71<\/span><\/span>\u5c71\u8109\uff08<\/span><\/span>Transylvanian Alps<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u4e0a\u4e00\u6bb5\u957f\u8fbe<\/span>120\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u77f3\u7070\u5ca9\u5ced\u58c1\uff0c\u5c06\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6e38\u5206<\/span>\u9694<\/span><\/span>\u5f00<\/span><\/span>\u6765\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u514b\u670d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5929\u9669\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u7687\u5e1d\u56fe\u62c9\u771f\uff08<\/span><\/span>Emperor Trajan<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u6761\u9053\u8def\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u7ed5\u8fc7\u9669\u5cfb\u7684\u6025\u6d41\u5e76\u8fde\u63a5\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6e38\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7eaa\u5ff5\u8fd9\u4e00\u6210\u5c31\uff0c\u56fe\u62c9\u771f\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u5757\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891\u7528\u4ee5\u5e86\u795d\u4ed6\u6218\u80dc\u4e86\u6cb3\u6d41\uff0c\u8fd9\u573a\u80dc\u5229\u65e2\u662f\u7269\u8d28\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u4e5f\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u5c42\u9762\u7684\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4ed6\u9a7e\u9a6d\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u7edf\u6cbb\u6cb3\u5cb8\u5730\u533a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5a01\u3002<\/span>1<\/span>7<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7ee7\u7eed\u901a\u8fc7\u7ba1\u63a7\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u6765\u5ba3\u793a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\u6743\u5a01\u3002\u4ece\u94c1\u95e8\u5ce1\u8c37\u81f3\u5965\u5730\u5229\u6cb3\u6bb5\u7684\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e0a\u6e38\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u5ce1\u8c37\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u9519\u7efc\u590d\u6742\u7684\u4ea4\u9519\u6cb3\u9053<\/span><\/span>\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u5a01\u80c1\u7740\u822a\u884c<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u514b\u670d\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e0a\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u969c\u788d\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\u7687\u5e1d<\/span><\/span>\u5f17\u6717\u8328<\/span>\u00b7\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u5ba3\u79f0\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u653e\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u6e90\u4e8e\u4ed6<\/span>\u5c06<\/span><\/span>\u4eba\u6c11\u4ece\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u5371\u9669\u4e2d\u89e3\u8131\u51fa\u6765\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u9a6f\u5316\u81ea\u7136\u5c31\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u7f3a\u4e4f\u653f\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u5f53\u4e4b\u524d\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\u4fee\u5efa\u7684\u9053\u8def\u88ab\u7834\u574f\u540e\uff0c\u94c1\u95e8\u5ce1\u8c37<\/span><\/span>\u7ee7\u7eed\u963b\u788d<\/span><\/span>\u7740<\/span><\/span>\u822a\u884c\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u5728<\/span><\/span>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u4ee5\u524d\uff0c\u4e58\u5ba2\u548c\u8d27\u7269<\/span>\u53ea\u80fd\u8d70\u5cb8\u4e0a\u7684\u9646\u8def\u6765\u901a\u8fc7\u901a\u8be5\u5ce1\u8c37\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u4ece<\/span>19\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe<\/span>\u70b8\u6bc1<\/span><\/span>\u94c1\u95e8<\/span><\/span>\u5ce1\u8c37<\/span><\/span>\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u52aa\u529b\u540c\u65f6\u9762\u4e34\u7740<\/span><\/span>\u6c34\u6587<\/span><\/span>\u6027\u96be\u9898<\/span><\/span>\u548c<\/span><\/span>\u6765\u81ea\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u963b\u529b<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u5bf9\u7ba1\u63a7\u6cb3\u6d41\u7684\u6d88\u6781\u6001\u5ea6<\/span><\/span>\u4f7f<\/span><\/span>\u5176<\/span><\/span>\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u53d7\u5230\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u4eba<\/span><\/span>\u4e5f\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f<\/span><\/span>\u539f\u59cb<\/span><\/span>\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u548c\u8ff7\u4fe1<\/span><\/span>\u7684<\/span><\/span>\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e<\/span><\/span>\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u652f\u6301<\/span><\/span>\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u663e\u80fd\u5e26\u6765\u5546<\/span><\/span>\u4e1a\u5229\u76ca\u548c\u6587\u660e\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u7406\u6027<\/span><\/span>\u5de5\u7a0b<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u76f8\u540c\u7684<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ba1\u63a7\u7740\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u6cb3\u53e3\u7684\u5e1d\u56fd\uff1a\u4fc4\u56fd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/p>\n

4<\/span><\/strong>.2 <\/span><\/strong>\u5546\u4e1a\u3001\u6587\u660e\u548c\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5728<\/span>1<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u6761\u5546\u4e1a\u8def\u7ebf\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u8bae\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u6280\u672f\u6027\u7684\u539f\u56e0<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u84b8\u6c7d\u8239\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u514b\u670d\u822a\u8fd0\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4f9b\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u957f\u8ddd\u79bb\u8fd0\u8f93\u8def\u7ebf\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u662f<\/span>\u57281<\/span>9<\/span>\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u8d38\u6613\u3001\u548c\u5e73\u4e0e\u6587\u660e\u8fdb\u6b65\u4e4b\u95f4\u5177\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0a\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u6b63\u5982\u82f1\u56fd\u5e15\u9ed8\u65af\u987f\u7235\u58eb\u6240\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e0e\u6d77\u6d0b\u7b49\u81ea\u7136\u5730\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5b83\u4eec\u5bf9\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u6765\u52a0\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u8d22\u5bcc\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u667a\u6167\u3001\u548c\u5e73\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u7ec8\u7684\u6587\u660e\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u6587\u660e\u6548\u5e94\u8054\u7cfb\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5bf9\u5730\u7406\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5316<\/span><\/span>\u4f7f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u67d0<\/span><\/span>\u79cd<\/span><\/span>\u5173\u7cfb<\/span><\/span>\u5f62\u5f0f<\/span><\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136<\/span><\/span>\u662f\u6587\u660e\u548c\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u660e\u5316\u7684\u4fee\u8f9e\u662f\u5341\u5206\u666e\u904d\u7684\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u5927\u536b<\/span>\u2022\u5384\u514b\u54c8\u7279\uff08<\/span>David Urquhart<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\u548c<\/span><\/span>\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14<\/span>\u00b7\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u594e\u56e0<\/span>\uff08<\/span><\/span>Michael Joseph Quin<\/span>\uff09\u90fd\u66fe\u8868\u8fbe\u8fc7\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u5c06\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e0a\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u822a\u884c\u4e0e\u7ed9<\/span><\/span>\u4e1c\u65b9<\/span><\/span>\u5730\u533a\u5e26\u6765<\/span><\/span>\u5546\u4e1a\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u8fdb\u6b65\u548c\u6587\u660e\u8054\u7cfb<\/span><\/span>\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u662f\u4f20\u8f93\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5929\u7136\u7ba1\u9053\u3002\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u4eec\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u9a6f\u5316\u8fd9\u6761\u6cb3\u6d41\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u4fdd\u6301\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a<\/span><\/span>\u5546\u4e1a<\/span><\/span>\u8fd0\u8f93\u9053\u8def\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u6027<\/span><\/span>\uff1b\u5426\u5219\uff0c\u5b83\u5c31\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u88ab\u63cf\u7ed8\u6210\u963b\u788d\u6587\u660e\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7684\u4e0b\u6e38<\/span><\/span>\u6709\u7740\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6c34\u6587\u7279\u5f81\uff1a\u4e0e\u6700<\/span><\/span>\u540e\u51b2<\/span><\/span>\u5411\u5927\u6d77\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u5207\u5c14\u7eb3\u6c83\u5fb7\uff08<\/span><\/span>Cernavod\u0103<\/span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u591a\u7459\u6cb3<\/span><\/span>\u8f6c\u5411\u5317\u90e8\u6d41\u53bb\u5e76\u4e14<\/span><\/span>\u901f\u5ea6\u51cf\u6162\u3002\u5728<\/span><\/span>\u52a0\u62c9\u8328\uff08<\/span><\/span>Galati<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u6cb3\u6d41\u518d\u6b21\u5411\u4e1c<\/span><\/span>\u6d41<\/span><\/span>\u5165\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd<\/span><\/span>\u72ec\u7279\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u6c34\u6587<\/span><\/span>\u7279\u5f81\u964d<\/span><\/span>\u4f4e\u4e86\u6cb3\u6d41<\/span><\/span>\u5728\u8f6c\u6298\u5904<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u901f\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u72ed\u7a84\u7684\u6cb3\u9053\u4e0a\u6c89\u79ef\u6ce5\u6c99\uff0c\u4f7f\u822a\u884c<\/span><\/span>\u53d8\u5f97\u5c24\u4e3a<\/span><\/span>\u5371\u9669\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u822a\u7ebf\u5728\u5bbd\u9614<\/span><\/span>\u800c\u6cbc\u6cfd\u904d\u5e03\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32<\/span><\/span>\u4e0a<\/span><\/span>\u873f\u8712\u800c\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u578b\u5546\u8239\u53ea\u80fd<\/span><\/span>\u884c\u9a76<\/span><\/span>\u5728\u82cf\u5229\u7eb3<\/span><\/span>\uff08<\/span><\/span>Sulina<\/span>\uff09\u822a\u9053\u4e0a<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u6839\u636e<\/span>1<\/span>829<\/span>\u5e74\u300a<\/span><\/span>\u4e9a\u5f97\u91cc\u4e9a\u5821\u6761\u7ea6<\/span><\/span>\u300b\uff08<\/span><\/span>Treaty of Adrianople<\/span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32<\/span><\/span>\u5904\u4e8e\u4fc4\u56fd\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u7ef4\u62a4\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u6cb3\u53e3\u5730\u533a\u7684\u901a\u7545\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5f00\u5c55\u5546\u4e1a\u8d38\u6613\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4fc4\u56fd\u5931\u8d25\u4e86\uff0c\u672a\u80fd\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5bf9\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\uff1a<\/strong><\/span><\/span>\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32<\/span><\/span>\u5730\u533a<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u6df1\u5ea6\u4ee5\u4fbf<\/span><\/span>\u8239\u53ea<\/span><\/span>\u53ef\u4ee5<\/span><\/span>\u901a<\/span><\/span>\u884c\uff1b<\/span><\/span>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32<\/span><\/span>\u5730\u533a<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u751a\u81f3\u6d3e\u51fa\u5916\u4ea4\u4f7f\u8282\u5411\u4fc4<\/span><\/span>\u56fd<\/span><\/span>\u5916\u4ea4\u5927\u81e3\u65bd\u538b<\/span><\/span>\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u8981\u6c42\u89e3\u51b3\u963b\u788d\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u822a\u8fd0\u7684\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u4fc4\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u5927\u81e3<\/span><\/span>\u5411\u82f1\u56fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u4fc4<\/span><\/span>\u56fd\u6b63\u5728\u52aa\u529b\u6e05\u7406<\/span><\/span>\u822a<\/span><\/span>\u8fd0\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u4f46<\/span><\/span>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76<\/span><\/span>\u6ca1\u6709<\/span><\/span>\u53d6\u5f97<\/span><\/span>\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fdb\u5c55<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u82f1\u56fd\u6000\u7591\u4fc4\u56fd\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u6709\u4ed8\u51fa\u8fc7\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4fc4\u56fd\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u52aa\u529b\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u5b83<\/span><\/span>\u672a\u80fd\u786e\u4fdd<\/span><\/span>\u591a\u7459\u6cb3<\/span><\/span>\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32<\/span><\/span>\u5730\u533a\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u822a\u8fd0\u5b89\u5168<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u5c65\u884c\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6743\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u6587\u660e\u793e\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u63a7\u5236\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u9886\u571f\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3002\u4fc4\u56fd\u5bf9\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e5f\u88ab\u6b27\u6d32\u56fd\u5bb6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u6587\u660e\u7684\u548c\u5371\u9669\u7684\u3002\u7ef4\u62a4<\/span><\/span>\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7684\u822a\u884c\u81ea\u7531\u662f<\/span><\/span>\u901a\u8fc7<\/span><\/span>\u548c\u5e73\u8c08\u5224\u7ed3\u675f\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e4b\u4e00<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u5728<\/span>1855<\/span>\u5e74\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u4f1a\u8bae\u548c<\/span>1856<\/span>\u5e74\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u5df4\u9ece\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e0a\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u5404\u56fd<\/span><\/span>\u8ba8\u8bba\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5<\/span><\/span>\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/span>\u81ea\u7136\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u4e5f\u613f\u610f\u5728<\/span><\/span>\u9053\u5fb7<\/span><\/span>\u548c\u653f\u6cbb<\/span><\/span>\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a<\/span><\/span>\u627f\u8bfa<\/span><\/span>\u7ba1\u63a7<\/span><\/span>\u6cb3\u6d41\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6587\u660e\u8fdb<\/span><\/span>\u6b65\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4<\/span><\/strong>.3 <\/span><\/strong>\u4e00\u6761\u6587\u660e\u7684\u53cc\u5411\u901a\u9053<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4fc4<\/span><\/span>\u56fd<\/span><\/span>\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u5176\u9886\u571f\u548c<\/span><\/span>\u5c65\u884c<\/span><\/span>\u5176\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u63ed\u793a\u51fa<\/span><\/span>\u8fd9\u6761\u672a\u5f00\u57a6\u6cb3\u6d41<\/span><\/span>\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u7ed9\u6b27\u6d32\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e0d\u5b89\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f<\/span><\/span>\u6b27\u6d32<\/span><\/span>\u5bf9\u6587<\/span><\/span>\u660e\u8fdb\u6b65<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u6df1\u5207\u62c5\u5fe7\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4ee3\u8868\u7740\u6587\u660e\u7684\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8fd0\u8f93\u8d27\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd8\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32<\/span><\/span>\u5f80\u4e1c\u90e8\u5730\u533a\u4f20\u8fbe<\/span><\/span>\u7406\u6027\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6cb3\u6d41\u628a\u6587\u660e\u5e26\u5230\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e0d\u4ec5<\/span><\/span>\u5177\u6709<\/span><\/span>\u8c61\u5f81<\/span><\/span>\u610f\u4e49<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u5b83<\/span><\/span>\u8fd8<\/span><\/span>\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u7279\u5f81<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u56f4\u7ed5\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5730\u533a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u7f8e\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u4f53\u73b0<\/span><\/span>\u4e86<\/span>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u897f\u6b27\u5bf9\u8fd9\u6761\u6cb3<\/span>\u6d41<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002\u867d\u7136<\/span><\/span>\u65c5\u884c\u5bb6\u4eec<\/span><\/span>\u5bf9\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e0a\u6e38\u7684\u58ee\u4e3d\u666f\u8272\u8d5e\u4e0d\u7edd\u53e3\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e0b\u6e38<\/span><\/span>\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u7279\u522b\u662f\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u7684\u63cf\u5199\u5374\u4e0d<\/span><\/span>\u90a3\u4e48\u5177\u6709<\/span><\/span>\u7530\u56ed\u8bd7\u822c<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u5c06\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e0b\u6e38\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5730\u533a\u5728\u7f8e\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u4e11\u6001\u5f52\u548e\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff1a<\/strong>\u4e00\u662f\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u5728\u6cbf\u5cb8\u5730\u533a\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u7edf\u6cbb\u6216\u4fc4\u56fd\u538b\u8feb\uff1b<\/strong>\u4e8c\u662f\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u571f\u5730\u80a5\u6c83\u4f46\u5374\u672a\u7ecf\u5f00\u57a6\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u91ce\u86ee\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u538c\u6076\u7684\u3002<\/strong>\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u903b\u8f91\u4e0a\u662f\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\uff1a\u4e0d\u6587\u660e\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb<\/span><\/span>\u6d6a\u8d39\u4e86\u8fd9\u5757\u80a5\u6c83\u571f\u5730<\/span><\/span>\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u4f46\u4e00\u4e2a\u6587\u660e<\/span><\/span>\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5a01\u5c06\u4f1a\u628a\u8fd9\u7247\u571f\u5730\u6539\u9020\u6210\u6709\u7528\u7684\u666f\u89c2\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5a01\u6765\u81ea\u5bf9\u571f\u5730\u7684\u5408\u7406\u5229\u7528\u548c\u6539\u826f\u7684\u8bba\u70b9<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u4e3a\u6b27\u6d32\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u6b96\u6c11<\/span><\/span>\u6269\u5f20\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e0b\u6e38\u5730\u533a\u7684\u91ce\u86ee\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5<\/span><\/span>\u5371\u9669\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5<\/span><\/span>\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83<\/span><\/span>\u5a01\u80c1\u6b27\u6d32<\/span><\/span>\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u8d38\u6613<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u800c\u4e14<\/span><\/span>\u8fd8\u56e0\u4e3a<\/span><\/span>\u5b58\u5728\u5012\u6d41\u7684\u98ce\u9669<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u4e0e\u5927\u591a\u6570\u6cb3\u6d41\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e0a\u7684\u82f1\u91cc\u6807\u5fd7\u59cb\u4e8e<\/span><\/span>\u4e0b\u6e38\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\uff0c\u5e76\u5411\u4e0a\u6e38\u5ef6\u4f38<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u9664\u4e86<\/span>18\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u6cbf\u7740\u6cb3\u6d41\u987a\u6d41\u800c\u4e0b\u7684\u5fb7\u56fd<\/span>\u65bd\u74e6\u672c<\/span><\/span>\u4eba<\/span><\/span>\uff08<\/span><\/span>Swabians<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u8d38\u6613\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u5f81\u670d\u8005\u7684\u519b\u961f\u51e0\u4e4e\u603b<\/span><\/span>\u662f\u6cbf\u6cb3\u800c\u4e0a<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u6cb3\u6d41\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u901a\u9053<\/span><\/span>\uff0c<\/span><\/span>\u5176<\/span><\/span>\u6d41\u5411\u4e0e<\/span><\/span>\u5b83\u7684<\/span><\/span>\u81ea\u7136<\/span><\/span>\u72b6\u6001<\/span><\/span>\u76f8\u53cd\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u6761\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u5411\u5916\u6d41\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u6587\u660e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4e00\u6761\u4ece\u5916\u5411\u5185\u6d41\u7684\u6cb3\u6d41\u5219\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/span><\/span>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e0d\u5b89\u4fc3\u4f7f\u6b27\u6d32\u5916\u4ea4\u5bb6\u4eec\u5728\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89\u540e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u6027\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u673a\u6784\u6765\u7ba1\u63a7\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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 <\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u4e94\u3001\u7ec4\u5efa\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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 <\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u5f53\u82f1\u6cd5\u4e24\u56fd\u5728\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u80dc\u5229\u540e\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c06\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u7eb3\u5165\u4e86\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u8bbe\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u673a\u6784\u6210\u4e3a\u4e4b\u540e\u56fd\u9645\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002<\/span>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c06\u7ba1\u63a7\u81ea\u7136\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6280\u672f\u5b98\u50da\u8bed\u8a00\uff08<\/span>technocratic language<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u88ab\u5305\u542b\u5728\u652f\u6491\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u5047\u5b9a\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
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\u5728<\/span>1856\u5e74\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u5e73\u4f1a\u8bae\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u80dc\u5229\u8005\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u822a\u884c\u5bf9\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u6587\u660e\u800c\u8a00\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4fc4\u56fd\u5360\u6709\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5374\u65e0\u6cd5\u5bf9\u5185\u90e8\u9886\u571f\u5b9e\u884c\u6709\u6548\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c65\u884c\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6761\u7ea6\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u660e\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5931\u8d25\u7684\uff0c\u5e94\u5f53\u653e\u5f03\u5bf9\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u9886\u571f\u6743\u5229\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\u8c01\u6765\u4ee3\u66ff\u4fc4\u56fd\u5462\uff1f<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u662f\u5141\u8bb8\u9886\u571f\u5f53\u5c40\uff08<\/span>territorial authority<\/span>\uff09\u63a7\u5236\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u5230<\/span>1856\uff0c\u514b\u91cc\u7c73\u4e9a\u6218\u4e89\u6240\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u9886\u571f\u8c03\u6574\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4fc4\u56fd\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cb3\u5cb8\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e09\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u541b\u4e3b\u56fd\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u6cbf\u5cb8<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u6469\u5c14\u8fbe\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff08<\/span><\/span>Moldavia<\/span>\uff09\u3001\u74e6\u62c9\u51e0\u4e9a\uff08<\/span>Wallachia<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff08<\/span>Serbia<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5b97\u4e3b\u6743\u7ba1\u8f96\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u5217\u5f3a\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5728\u5965\u65af\u66fc\u5e1d\u56fd\u6cbb\u4e0b\u7684\u65b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u591f\u5b8c\u6210\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b0\u56fd\u5bb6\u6ee1\u8db3<\/span>\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6<\/span>\u201d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u4f1a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4f53\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5965\u5730\u5229\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u66ff\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5373\u8ba9\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6218\u8230\u9a7b\u624e\u5728\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u6cb3\u53e3\u6765\u9632\u536b\u4fc4\u56fd\u548c\u786e\u4fdd\u822a\u884c\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u4f46\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u7f57\u585e\u5c14\u52cb\u7235\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6218\u8230\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5408\u9002\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4eba\u4eec\u6240\u62b1\u6028\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u6218\u8230\u80fd\u963b\u6b62\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u884c\u653f\u5f53\u5c40\u7684\u6545\u610f\u4e0d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u3002\u7f57\u585e\u5c14\u52cb\u7235\u8ba4\u4e3a\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u80fd\u5728\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u548c\u5b98\u50da\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u4e0b\u8f6c\u53d8\u6210\u548c\u5e73\u6709\u5e8f\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u8fd9\u9610\u660e\u4e86<\/span>19\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u8ba9\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\u6587\u660e\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u9053\u8def\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u5e94\u8be5\u901a\u8fc7\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u6765\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u88ab\u66b4\u529b\u548c\u91ce\u86ee\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u7ade\u4e89\u6240\u524a\u5f31\uff0c\u66b4\u529b\u7ade\u4e89\u5bf9\u8c01\u90fd\u6ca1\u597d\u5904\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5a01\u80c1\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u5916\u4ea4\u5b98\u4eec\u51b3\u5b9a\u6210\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6765\u6267\u884c\u822a\u884c\u6cd5\u89c4\u548c\u76d1\u7763\u5de5\u7a0b\u9879\u76ee\u3002\u4e4d\u4e00\u770b\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u8fd9\u4e2a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u9769\u547d\u6027\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u30021815\u5e74\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u4f1a\u8bae\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u7531\u6cb3\u5cb8\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u4e3a1856\u5e74\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u5e73\u4f1a\u8bae\u89e3\u51b3\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53c2\u8003\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u66f4\u4ed4\u7ec6\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\u5386\u53f2\u540e\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c1856\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u662f\u5177\u6709\u521b\u65b0\u6027\u7684<\/strong>\u3002\u4e0e\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u91cc\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u6cb3\u5cb8\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u534a\u4e2a\u5927\u9646\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u82f1\u56fd\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5927\u56fd\u8d4b\u4e88\u8be5\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u6743\u529b\u548c\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u8d85\u8d8a\u5730\u65b9\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u2014\u2014\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u56e0\u7d20\u963b\u788d\u4e86\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u83b1\u8335\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5b83\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6210\u529f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u72ec\u7acb\u4e8e\u9886\u571f\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u53d1\u6325\u5176\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u91c7\u7528\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8def\u5f84\u8fdb\u884c\u56fd\u9645\u6cbb\u7406\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<\/strong>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8fd0\u4f5c\u6210\u529f\u7684\u80cc\u540e\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u5b9a\uff1a<\/strong>\u5373\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6587\u660e\u6210\u5c31\u5e94\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u548c\u6709\u76ca\u5229\u7528\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u3002<\/strong>\u56e0\u6b64\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u77db\u76fe\u5c31\u662f\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u51b2\u7a81\u5728\u5f53\u4eca\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0a\u6f14\u3002<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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\u516d\u3001\u603b\u7ed3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u679019\u4e16\u7eaa\u5404\u56fd\u56f4\u7ed5\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u4e09\u89d2\u6d32\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u5982\u4f55\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u9879\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\uff0c\u5e76\u4ece\u4e2d\u5f97\u51fa\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u542f\u793a\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6700\u8fd1\u5bf9\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u9010\u6e10\u6446\u8131\u4e86\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6587\u660e\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5355\u4e00\u5730\u4ece\u6b27\u6d32\u5411\u5916\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u7a7a\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5168\u7403\u5316\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u66f4\u4e3a\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u56fd\u5173\u5b66\u754c\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u5f88\u5c11\u5173\u6ce8\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u6784\u5efa\u8d77\u7684\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d<\/strong>\u3002\u672c\u6587\u805a\u7126\u4e8e\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6587\u660e\u901a\u9053\u7684\u8de8\u57df\u6cb3\u6d41\uff0c\u9610\u660e\u4e8619\u4e16\u7eaa\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u5f02\u8d28\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08<\/span><\/span>foreign space\uff09\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u6765\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u9610\u660e\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u5f00\u5c55\u5bcc\u6709\u6210\u6548\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u6982\u8ff0\u4e86\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u4ecd\u7136\u5f97\u4ee5\u5b58\u7eed\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u9014\u5f84\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u88ab\u9690\u542b\u5728\u4e86\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u5047\u5b9a\u4e2d<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u3002\u5bf9\u5f53\u524d\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u603b\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u504f\u89c1\uff0c\u5373\u8131\u79bb\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8bed\u5883\u6765\u8003\u5bdf\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5145\u5206\u7406\u89e3\u5728\u770b\u4f3c\u5ba2\u89c2\u548c\u975e\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u6784\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4e86\u89e3\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u53f2\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u7d22\u7ba1\u63a7\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u80cc\u540e\u90a3\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u6846\u67b6\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u7ee7\u7eed\u89e3\u6784\u73b0\u4ee3\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7d27\u5f20\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u626b\u4e0b\u65b9\u4e8c\u7ef4\u7801\u67e5\u770b\u5f80\u671f\u7cbe\u5f69<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n
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\u3010\u56fd\u5e86\u732e\u793c\u3011\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba\u5e73\u53f0\u8d60\u4e66\u6d3b\u52a8\u91cd\u78c5\u5f00\u542f\uff01<\/span><\/a>
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\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u9884\u544a\u3011\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba\u63a8\u51fa\u9876\u7ea7\u671f\u520a\u5b66\u672f\u52a8\u6001\u901f\u9012\uff01<\/span><\/a>
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\u3010\u65b0\u520a\u901f\u9012\u3011\u7b2c01\u671f | Review of International Studies  Vol.45, No.4, 2019<\/span><\/a>
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\u3010\u65b0\u520a\u901f\u9012\u3011\u7b2c02\u671f | International Relations Vol.33, No.3, 2019<\/span><\/a>
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\u5206\u7c7b\u5bfc\u89c8 2 <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u539f\u6587\u59cb\u53d1\u4e8e\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\uff08\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba\uff09\uff1a\u3010\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u6d3e\u3011\u5f81\u670d\u91ce\u86ee\uff1a\u591a\u7459\u6cb3\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u5c06\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u7ba1\u63a7\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u6587\u660e\u6807\u51c6\u201d\u4e28\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u4f5c\u54c1\u7b80\u4ecb \u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u3011Joanne Yao\uff0c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13971,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[24,26],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13970"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13970"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13970\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13981,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13970\/revisions\/13981"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13971"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13970"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13970"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13970"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}