{"id":13639,"date":"2019-07-23T14:01:50","date_gmt":"2019-12-30T09:03:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/2019\/12\/30\/a3dcbca4c2\/"},"modified":"2019-12-30T17:03:58","modified_gmt":"2019-12-30T09:03:58","slug":"a3dcbca4c2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/115.238.178.234:8090\/index.php\/2019\/07\/23\/a3dcbca4c2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u3010\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u8d5e\u52a9\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\u3010\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u8d5e\u52a9\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9<\/p>\n

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\u7b80  \u4ecb<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u3010\u4f5c\u8005\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span>Lenka Bustikova <\/span>\u4e9a\u5229\u6851\u90a3\u5dde\u7acb\u5927\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Arizona State University<\/span>\uff09\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7cfb\u526f\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u5174\u8da3\u4e3a\u653f\u515a\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u6295\u7968\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7b49\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u4e1c\u6b27\u5730\u533a\u3002<\/span>Cristina Corduneanu-Huci<\/span>\uff0c\u4e2d\u6b27\u5927\u5b66\uff08<\/span>Central European University<\/span>\uff09\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u5b66\u9662\u52a9\u7406\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u6ce8\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5b98\u50da\u5236\u6539\u9769\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u900f\u660e\u5ea6\u548c\u533b\u7597\u5065\u5eb7\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7b49\u3002\u672c\u6587\u83b7<\/span>2017<\/span>\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u4f1a\u6bd4\u8f83\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6700\u4f73\u8bba\u6587\u5956\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u7f16\u8bd1<\/span><\/strong>\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u5170\u661f\u8fb0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u6821\u5bf9<\/span><\/strong>\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u674e\u96ef\u73f2<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u5ba1\u6838<\/span><\/strong>\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>\u4e01\u4f1f\u822a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u6765\u6e90<\/span><\/strong>\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span>Bustikova, L., & Corduneanu-Huci, C. (2017). Patronage, Trust, and State Capacity: The Historical Trajectories of Clientelism. World Politics, 69(2), 277-326. <\/span>DOI:10.1017\/S0043887116000265<\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u671f\u520a\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08<\/span>World Politics<\/span>\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u6db5\u76d6\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u5b66\u672f\u671f\u520a\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e<\/span>1948<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7531\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u8be5\u671f\u520a\u7684<\/span>2017<\/span>\u5e74\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u5b50\u4e3a<\/span>3.25<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7c7b\u522b\u7684<\/span>85<\/span>\u79cd\u671f\u520a\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c<\/span>6<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u79d1\u5b66\u7c7b\u522b\u7684<\/span>169<\/span>\u79cd\u4e2d\u6392\u540d\u7b2c<\/span>11<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u3010\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u8d5e\u52a9\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\u8d5e\u52a9\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Patronage, Trust, and State Capacity: The Historical Trajectories of Clientelism<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

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\"\u3010\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u8d5e\u52a9\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9<\/p>\n

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\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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\u672c\u6587\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6839\u690d\u4e8e<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b<\/span><\/strong>\u5728\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684<\/span>\u4fe1\u4efb\uff08<\/span>trust\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u5bf9\u5f53\u4eca\u7684<\/span>\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08<\/span>clientelism\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u6709\u6301\u4e45\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4fe1\u4efb\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u516c\u6c11\u5bf9\u653f\u5ba2\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5e76\u4e14\u4fc3\u8fdb\u653f\u515a\u548c\u653f\u5ba2\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u591a\u66f4\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4f7f\u7528<\/span>1925\u5e74\u7684\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\uff08<\/span>IMR<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>Infant Mortality Rate<\/span>\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\uff08<\/span>IV\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u4e24\u9636\u6bb5\u6700\u5c0f\u4e8c\u4e58\u6cd5\u56de\u5f52\uff08<\/span>2SLS<\/span>\uff09\u6765\u514b\u670d\u5185\u751f\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u5c42\u6a21\u578b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7a33\u5065\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u68c0\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


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<\/p>\n

\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4ece\u4f9b\u7ed9\u548c\u9700\u6c42\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u673a\u7406\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u4ea4\u5f80\u7ecf\u5386\u5851\u9020\u4e86<\/span>\u58f0\u671b\uff08<\/span>reputation\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u58f0\u671b\u5f71\u54cd\u4e86\u4e2a\u4f53\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684<\/span>\u671f\u671b\uff08<\/span>expectation\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u671f\u671b\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u653f\u5ba2\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u95f4\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4ece\u9700\u6c42\u4fa7\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9009\u6c11\u9884\u671f\u9009\u4e3e\u627f\u8bfa\u5c06\u4f1a\u88ab\u4e00\u4e2a\u58f0\u671b\u4e0d\u4f73\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u5c65\u884c\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u653f\u515a\u5e73\u53f0\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u4f1a\u8f6c\u5411\u548c\u653f\u5ba2\u79c1\u4eba\u5173\u7cfb\u4e3a\u7ebd\u5e26\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u4ece\u4f9b\u7ed9\u4fa7\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0c\u5728<\/span>\u5386\u53f2\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u4e0d\u8db3\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08<\/span>weak historical state capacity\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u77e5\u9053\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6548\u7387\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0d\u592a\u53ef\u80fd\u4f7f\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u5f97\u5230\u5151\u73b0\uff0c\u653f\u5ba2\u4eec\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5bf9\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u505a\u51fa\u627f\u8bfa\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u516c\u6c11\u4e5f\u4f1a\u8f6c\u5411\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span>\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u884c\u653f\u673a\u6784\u8868\u73b0\u5dee\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u5bf9\u884c\u653f\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u611f\u6bd4\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u516c\u6c11\u529e\u4e8b\u65f6\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u627e\u884c\u653f\u673a\u6784\u800c\u662f\u4f1a\u4f9d\u8d56\u4ed6\u4eec\u719f\u6089\u7684\u653f\u5ba2\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>\u6b63\u5982\u4f5c\u8005\u5f15\u7528\u4e00\u4f4d\u5370\u5ea6\u5b98\u5458\u6240\u8bf4\uff1a<\/span>\u201c\u6211\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u76f4\u63a5\u6765\u627e\u6211\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u53bb\u627e\u8b66\u5bdf\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u90e8\u95e8\u3002\u5f53\u7136\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53bb\u76f4\u63a5\u627e\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4fe1\u4efb\u6211\u66f4\u591a\u3002<\/span>\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5bf9\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u539f\u56e0\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e86\u5927\u81f4\u4e09\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5f71\u54cd\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8981\u7d20<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u65e2\u5f80\u7814\u7a76\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u4e86\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6c34\u5e73\u548c\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u6216\u8005\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u968f\u7740\u6536\u5165\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u9009\u6c11\u901a\u8fc7\u5e87\u62a4\u83b7\u5f97\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u8fb9\u9645\u6548\u7528\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u6291\u5236\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8fd9\u4e00\u6548\u679c\u5728\u53d1\u8fbe\u56fd\u5bb6\u66f4\u660e\u663e\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u8bd5\u56fe\u6311\u6218\u5bcc\u88d5\u5c06\u4f1a\u51cf\u5c11\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f3a\u8c03\u5e94\u8be5\u533a\u5206\u5bcc\u88d5\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u4fe1\u4efb\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bcc\u88d5\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6709\u597d\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f62\u6210\u597d\u7684\u58f0\u671b\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u5bcc\u88d5\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u80fd\u57f9\u80b2\u516c\u6c11\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u5e76\u4e14\u51cf\u5c11\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5bcc\u88d5\u7a0b\u5ea6\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u5f3a\u8c03<\/span>\u6c11\u4e3b\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u5e76\u4e14\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u4e3a\u9009\u6c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u65e2\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u540c\u65f6\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u524d\u5bf9\u9009\u6c11\u627f\u8bfa\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u53d7\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u8fd1\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u6ca1\u6709\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u58f0\u671b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u5bfc\u81f4\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u5173\u6ce8<\/span>\u58f0\u671b<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u672c\u6587\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u58f0\u671b\u5bf9\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u8981\u53d7\u5230\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u8c03\u8282\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u653f\u515a\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u8c03\u8282\u3002\u653f\u515a\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u6240\u5851\u9020\u5e76\u4e14\u53d7\u6c11\u4e3b\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5148\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5bf9\u65e0\u80fd\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u8bb0\u5fc6\u4f1a\u4f7f\u9009\u6c11\u66f4\u52a0\u731c\u7591\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u653f\u515a\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5c06\u4f1a\u53d7\u5230\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u8d1f\u9762\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u58f0\u671b\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u53e6\u5916\u4ece\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u6536\u76ca\u6bd4\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u4f9b\u7ed9\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u66f4\u52a0\u5177\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8def\u5f84\u4f9d\u8d56\u7684\u5747\u8861\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u672c\u6587\u628a<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff08<\/span>state capacity\uff09<\/span><\/strong>\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5728\u4e00\u56fd\u9886\u571f\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u521b\u9020\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u6743\u5a01\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u6548\u7387\u548c\u6e17\u900f\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u529b\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u8d44\u672c\u6295\u8d44\u3002\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u53c8\u4f9d\u636e\u67e5\u5c14\u65af<\/span>\u00b7\u8482\u5229<\/span>(Charles Tilly)<\/span>\u3001\u739b\u683c\u4e3d\u7279<\/span>\u00b7<\/span>\u5217\u7ef4<\/span>(Margaret Levi)<\/span>\u3001\u7f57\u65af\u5766<\/span>(Rothstein)<\/span>\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u8d8a\u5357\u3001\u4e1c\u6b27\u7b49\u5730\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4ece\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u5c42\u9762\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u51b3\u5b9a\u516c\u6c11\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8482\u5229\u8ba4\u4e3a<\/span>\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u79c1\u4eba\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u7f51\u7edc\u8f6c\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/span>\u5217\u7ef4\u6307\u51fa<\/span>\u503c\u5f97\u4fe1\u8d56\u7684\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u662f\u516c\u4f17\u5bf9\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u3002<\/span>\u7f57\u65af\u6c40\u63d0\u51fa<\/span>\u4fe1\u4efb\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u96c6\u4f53\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u56fd\u5bb6\u5efa\u6784\u76f8\u5173<\/span>\u3002\u8fd1\u671f\u5bf9\u8d8a\u5357\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\u5728\u524d\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u65f6\u671f\u6709\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5b98\u50da\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u6751\u5e84\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u66f4\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u6548\u7387\u5730\u5b9e\u73b0\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u4f9b\u7ed9\uff0c\u4e1c\u6b27\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e5f\u4e0e\u4e4b\u7c7b\u4f3c\u3002\u5728\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u51c6\u5907\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e09\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u901a\u8fc7\u4fe1\u4efb\u964d\u4f4e\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5047\u8bbe\u4e8c\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u7b49\u53d1\u5c55\u6c34\u5e73\u4e0b\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u8d8a\u5f3a\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5e87\u62a4\u6c34\u5e73\u8d8a\u4f4e<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5047\u8bbe\u4e09\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u8001\u724c\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7531\u4e8e\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9677\u5165\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\n
2
<\/strong><\/span><\/section>\n

 <\/span><\/p>\n

\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u7406\u7531<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/strong><\/span>
<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684<\/span>\u5185\u751f\u6027<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u672c\u6587\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u7528<\/span>1925\u5e74\u7684\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u3002<\/span>\u5177\u4f53\u7406\u7531\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u56db\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c<\/span><\/strong>\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u7684\u82f1\u6cd5\u5fb7\u7b49\u4e3b\u8981\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u56fd\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u5a01\u80c1\u548c\u6d77\u5916\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u6c11\u65cf\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u538b\u529b\u4e0b\uff0c\u90fd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u964d\u4f4e\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5728\u8865\u5145\u5175\u5458\u548c\u7ef4\u62a4\u6b96\u6c11\u7edf\u6cbb\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u5404\u65b9\u52bf\u529b\u5728\u964d\u4f4e\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u8fd9\u4e00\u76ee\u6807\u4e0a\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u5171\u8bc6\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u901a\u8fc7\u6539\u5584\u533b\u7597\u7b49\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u65bd\u548c\u589e\u52a0\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u957f\u671f\u4eba\u529b\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u8d44\u672c\u6295\u5165\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u589e\u5f3a\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u5bf9\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u5728\u964d\u4f4e\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5728\u533a\u5206\u5931\u8d25\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6307\u6807\u4e2d\uff0c\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u6700\u4e3a\u7a33\u5065\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u51c6\u786e\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u4eba\u53e3\u548c\u9886\u571f\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u529b\u4ee5\u53ca\u589e\u7a0e\u548c\u6267\u884c\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u800c\u4e14\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5fae\u5c0f\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u957f\u671f\u7684\u6295\u5165\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u9020\u5047\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c0f\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u76f8\u5bf9\u6765\u8bf4\u53ef\u4fe1\u6027\u9ad8\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u6548\u5ea6\u8fd8\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u53d8\u91cf\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u76f8\u5bf9\u66f4\u52a0\u72ec\u7acb\u5730\u5f71\u54cd\u5bf9\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>\u4e3e\u4f8b\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u4e0e\u4eba\u5747<\/span>GDP\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\u7684\u4eba\u5747<\/span>GDP<\/span>\u5728<\/span>1925<\/span>\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u3001\u4e39\u9ea6\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u7684\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u6bd4\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5927\u7ea6\u9ad8<\/span>30%<\/span>\u3002\u800c\u4e00\u5ea6\u4e0e\u745e\u5178\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u6c34\u5e73\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u667a\u5229\u548c\u4e4c\u62c9\u572d\u7684\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5206\u522b\u662f\u745e\u5178\u7684\u4e24\u500d\u548c\u56db\u500d\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u5982\u7eac\u5ea6\u548c\u6b96\u6c11\u9057\u4ea7\u7b49\u548c\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u5e76\u4e0d\u663e\u8457\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u5bf9\u9009\u53d6<\/span>1925\u5e74\u4e24\u6b21\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u70b9\u7684\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/strong>\u7b80\u8981\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u6b63\u597d\u5904\u4e8e\u897f\u65b9\u5927\u56fd\u4e3a\u964d\u4f4e\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u52aa\u529b\u4e4b\u540e\u548c\u5973\u6027\u666e\u9009\u6743\u5f97\u5230\u5168\u9762\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e4b\u524d\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e3a\u964d\u4f4e\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4ed8\u51fa\u52aa\u529b\u800c\u6781\u5927\u5730\u6539\u8fdb\u4e86\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u4f5c\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5728\u4e8c\u6218\u540e\u6d4b\u7b97\u7684\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e0b\u964d\u7684\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u51fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e9b\u653f\u515a\u4e3a\u4e86\u83b7\u5f97\u5973\u6027\u9009\u7968\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u6539\u8fdb\u516c\u5171\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u505a\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5931\u6548\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4f5c\u8005\u9009\u62e9<\/span>1925\u5e74\u7684\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u6070\u5230\u597d\u5904\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u56db\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u6548\u5ea6\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u5173\u7cfb\u5982\u4e0b\u56fe\u6240\u793a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u3010\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u8d5e\u52a9\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9<\/p>\n

\u5373\u5ea6\u91cf\u5386\u53f2\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u53d8\u91cf<\/span>1925\u5e74\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u5177\u6709\u5916\u751f\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u548c\u5185\u751f\u89e3\u91ca\u53d8\u91cf\u4fe1\u4efb\u5177\u6709\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u5173\u6027\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff08\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u6548\u5ea6\u68c0\u9a8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u539f\u6587\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u968f\u540e\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u7edf\u8ba1\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002<\/span>\u4f5c\u8005\u9009\u53d6\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f5c\u4e3a\u88ab\u89e3\u91ca\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d8\u91cf\u5ea6\u91cf\u4e86\u65e5\u5e38\u6d88\u8d39\u54c1\u5206\u914d\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u7b56\u6743\u5229\u4f18\u5148\u6743\u7b49\u4e94\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e3a\u674e\u514b\u7279\u91cf\u8868\u5b9a\u5e8f\u53d8\u91cf\uff08<\/span>1-4\uff09\uff0c\u6570\u503c\u8d8a\u5927\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u8d8a\u5f3a\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u6765\u81ea<\/span>Democratic Accountability and Linkages Project<\/span>\u8c03\u67e5\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u4e2a\u4eba\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d8\u91cf\u6765\u81ea<\/span>2010-2014\u4e16\u754c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u8c03\u67e5\u6570\u636e\u3002\u7a33\u5065\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c\u53c8\u7528\u5230\u4e86\u6cbb\u7406\u6548\u529b\u6307\u6807\uff08<\/span>world governance indicator of government effectiveness, WGI<\/span>\uff09\u548c<\/span>Relative Political Allocation(RPA)<\/span>\u6570\u636e\u3002\u89e3\u91ca\u53d8\u91cf\u5305\u62ec\u5386\u53f2\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u4fe1\u4efb\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u6765\u81ea\u4e16\u754c\u4ef7\u503c\u89c2\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7<\/span>Historical political extraction 1960-1970<\/span>\u548c<\/span>horizontal health inequality 1992-2002<\/span>\u4e24\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u5bf9\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5ea6\u91cf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u7a33\u5065\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u63a7\u5236\u53d8\u91cf\u4eba\u5747<\/span>GDP<\/span>\u5bf9\u6570\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u5206\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff08<\/span>Religious Fractionalization<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u653f\u515a\u5206\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff08<\/span>party fractionalization<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u7eac\u5ea6\uff0c\u6b96\u6c11\u5386\u53f2\u7b49\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u8de8\u5c42\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u53d8\u91cf\u53c8\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u53e3\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u63a7\u5236\u53d8\u91cf\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u5c42\u9762\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u57fa\u672c\u6a21\u578b\u91c7\u7528\u4e24\u9636\u6bb5\u6700\u5c0f\u4e8c\u4e58\u6cd5<\/span>2SLS<\/span>\uff0c\u8de8\u5c42\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u4e3b\u8981\u91c7\u7528\u666e\u901a\u7684<\/span>OLS<\/span>\u4f30\u8ba1\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7edf\u8ba1\u7ed3\u679c\u5982\u4e0b\u56fe\u6240\u793a\uff0c\u7a33\u5065\u6027\u68c0\u9a8c\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u8003\u539f\u6587\u548c\u9644\u5f55\u3002\u7edf\u8ba1\u7ed3\u679c\u4e2d<\/span>trust\u7684\u7cfb\u6570\u663e\u8457\u4e3a\u8d1f\u3001<\/span>trust<\/span>\u548c\u4eba\u5747<\/span>GDP<\/span>\u4ee5\u53ca\u6c11\u4e3b\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u9879\u4e5f\u663e\u8457\u4e3a\u8d1f<\/span><\/strong>\uff0c\u8fd9\u5206\u522b\u9a8c\u8bc1\u4e86\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u3010\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u8d5e\u52a9\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9<\/p>\n

\"\u3010\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u8d5e\u52a9\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9<\/p>\n

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\u7ed3 \u8bba<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/section>\n<\/section>\n


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\u672c\u6587\u4e3a\u7406\u89e3\u653f\u6cbb\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u5bf9\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b98\u50da\u673a\u6784\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4fe1\u5ff5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u53bb\u4e2a\u4eba\u5316\u7684\u66f4\u6709\u80fd\u529b\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u6784\u6765\u66ff\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u653f\u515a\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u51fa\u66f4\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u7f3a\u5c11\u63d0\u4f9b\u516c\u5171\u7269\u54c1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u7b80\u8bc4\u3011<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u76f8\u8f83\u4e8e\u9876\u520a\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u6587\u4ee4\u4eba\u76ee\u7729\u7684\u9ad8\u6df1\u8ba1\u91cf\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u7684\u8ba1\u91cf\u624b\u6bb5\u6beb\u4e0d\u590d\u6742\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u672c\u6587\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u5728\u4e8e\u6df1\u5165\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9\u4ece\u800c\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5e76\u51c6\u786e\u548c\u5de7\u5999\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86<\/span><\/strong>1925\u5e74\u5a74\u513f\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u53d8\u91cf\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u4ee3\u7406\u53d8\u91cf\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5168\u9762\u4e25\u5bc6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u8bba\u8bc1\u548c\u5b9e\u8bc1\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002<\/span><\/strong>\u9664\u7406\u8bba\u8d21\u732e\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u884c\u6709\u673a\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u4f18\u79c0\u4f5c\u54c1\uff0c\u503c\u5f97\u501f\u9274\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n


<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\u66f4\u591a\u9605\u8bfb<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n

\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u901f\u9012\u3011\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5948\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u9738\u6743\u7684\u5174\u8870\uff1a\u4ece\u5a01\u5c14\u900a\u5230\u7279\u6717\u666e | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u63a8\u8350\u3011\u5df4\u91cc\u00b7\u5e03\u8d5e\uff1a\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u6d3e\u89c6\u89d2\u4e0b\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u5d1b\u8d77 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u91cd\u78c5\u901f\u9012\u3011\u7c73\u5c14\u65af\u6d77\u9ed8\uff1a\u6ce8\u5b9a\u5931\u8d25\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5174\u8870 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u767e\u5e74\u56fd\u5173\u3011\u4e13\u9898\u5bfc\u8a00\uff1a\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u4f1a\u540e\u7684\u767e\u5e74\u56fd\u5173 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u767e\u5e74\u56fd\u5173\u3011\u590d\u5174\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u51e1\u5c14\u8d5b\u9057\u4ea7 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u767e\u5e74\u56fd\u5173\u3011\u52b3\u4f26\u65af\u00b7\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u66fc\uff1a\u5927\u56fd\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u5174\u8870 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u767e\u5e74\u56fd\u5173\u3011\u4e00\u6218\u540e\u4e0d\u540c\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8f68\u8ff9 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u767e\u5e74\u56fd\u5173\u3011\u909d\u4e91\u5cf0\uff1a\u6743\u529b\u2014\u2014\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u5a01\u671b | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u767e\u5e74\u56fd\u5173\u3011\u5386\u53f2\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff1a\u4ece\u5df4\u9ece\u548c\u4f1a\u5230\u73b0\u5728 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3011IO\u6742\u5fd7\uff1a\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u7ef4\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6b66\u529b\u8fd0\u7528\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u3010\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u3011\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u9645\u79e9\u5e8f\u7406\u5ff5\u5c06\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u5f15\u5165\u6b67\u9014\uff1f| \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5173\u7cfb\u7406\u8bba\u3011\u201c\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\uff1a\u4e16\u754c\u653f\u6cbb\u5173\u7cfb\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bdd\u8bed | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u51b2\u7a81\u7814\u7a76\u3011IO\u6742\u5fd7\uff1a\u9769\u547d\u3001\u72ec\u88c1\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u51b2\u7a81 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

\u3010\u4e1d\u8def\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u65b0\u4e1d\u7ef8\u4e4b\u8def\uff1a\u6765\u81ea\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0e\u89c6\u89d2 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u82f1\u56fd\u5b66\u6d3e\u3011\u5f20\u52c7\u8fdb\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5168\u7403\u56fd\u9645\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\uff1a\u5b9e\u529b\u4e0e\u5bf9\u89c4\u8303\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u534f\u5546 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5730\u533a\u79e9\u5e8f\u3011\u8bba\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u529b\u7684\u53ef\u8f6c\u5316\u6027\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5d1b\u8d77\u4e0e\u4e1c\u4e9a\u5b89\u5168\u79e9\u5e8f | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010IPE\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u5708\u5b50\uff1a\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\u79bb\u5cb8\u91d1\u878d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb<\/span><\/a> <\/span>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5173\u7cfb\u3011\u4e0d\u5f97\u5df2\u7684\u4f19\u4f34\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf-\u5355\u5143\u52a8\u6001\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4fc4\u5173\u7cfb | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010IPE\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u5916\u8d38\u6613\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u201c1934\u5e74\u4f53\u5236\u201d\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u7684\uff1f| \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011\u65af\u8482\u82ac\u00b7\u6c83\u5c14\u7279\uff1a\u50b2\u6162\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u514b\u5236\u7684\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u7406\u8bba\u6279\u5224\u3011\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0e\u7ed3\u6784\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u6c83\u5c14\u5179\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5e76\u975e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u3011\u5355\u6781\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e0b\u7684\u4e0d\u548c\u5e73\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u6b27\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u591a\u6837\u6027\u4e0e\u5408\u89c4\uff1a\u52a0\u5165\u6b27\u76df\u540e\u4e2d\u4e1c\u6b27\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u79fb\u6c11\u5916\u4ea4\u3011\u56fd\u9645\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u5916\u4ea4 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5386\u53f2\u5206\u6790\u3011\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5076\u7136\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53ca\u5176\u5f71\u54cd | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u5434\u5efa\u6811\uff1a\u6743\u529b\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u5747\u52bf\u3001\u8054\u76df\u4e0e\u6469\u6839\u7d22\u2014\u2014\u6c49\u65af\u00b7\u6469\u6839\u7d22\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u518d\u89e3\u8bfb<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u3011\u5efa\u8bbe\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5168\u7403\u6cbb\u7406\u3011\u5168\u7403\u6cbb\u7406\uff1a\u4e00\u573a\u5173\u4e8e\u666e\u4e16\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u6597\u4e89 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u53cb\u8c0a\u56fd\u5173\u3011\u5c06\u53cb\u8c0a\u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u5165\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u672c\u4f53\u8bba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u79fb\u6c11\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u4f2a\u5584\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u6551\u63f4 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u653f\u515a\u5b9e\u529b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\uff08Party Strength and Economic Growth\uff09| \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u53f0\u6e7e\u5b66\u8005\u3011\u5411\u9a8f\uff1a\u7f8e\u56fd\u4ece\u201c\u9738\u6743\u7a33\u5b9a\u201d\u5230\u201c\u9738\u51cc\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u201d | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u3011\u5f20\u950b\uff1a\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u5bf9\u5916\u653f\u7b56\u4f20\u7edf | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u9738\u6743\u7814\u7a763.0\u7248\uff1a\u9738\u6743\u79e9\u5e8f\u7406\u8bba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u5df4\u91cc\u00b7\u5e03\u8d5e\u7b49\uff1a\u91cd\u601d\u65e5\u672c\uff1a\u4e3b\u6d41\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u504f\u89c1 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u6536\u5165\u95ee\u9898\u3011\u5168\u7403\u6027\u6536\u5165\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff1a\u5386\u53f2\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3011\u56fd\u5bb6\u7f18\u4f55\u9000\u51fa\u56fd\u9645\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff1f| \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5357\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u5357\u4e9a\u5bf9\u51b2\uff1a\u4e2d\u5370\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u5b89\u5168\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5e73\u8861 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u5916\u4ea4\u653f\u7b56\u3011\u7f8e\u56fd\u9738\u6743\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u6bc1\u706d\uff1a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u6d6a\u8d39\u4e86\u5355\u6781\u65f6\u4ee3 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u3010\u5916\u4ea4\u4e8b\u52a1\u3011\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u4f55\u6709\u6548\uff1f| \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u8c01\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u8bae\u4f1a\u4e2d\u9886\u5bfc\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff1f <\/span>\u2014\u2014\u57fa\u4e8e2014\u5e74\u6b27\u6d32\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u7814\u7a76 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u96be\u6c11\u5371\u673a\u4e4b\u4e2d\u4f1a\u8ba9\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u66f4\u6709\u654c\u610f\u5417\uff1f| \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/span><\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u3011\u6050\u6016\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6269\u5c55\u6570\u636e\uff08EDTG\uff09\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u2014\u2014\u4ece1970\u5e74\u52302016\u5e74 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/a>
<\/p>\n

\u3010\u5370\u5ea6\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u5370\u5ea6\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b89\u5168\uff1a\u6311\u6218\u4e0e\u56f0\u5883 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/a>
<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n

\n
\n

<\/section>\n
\n

\"\u3010\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u8d5e\u52a9\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n


<\/p>\n


<\/p>\n

\n

\u539f\u6587\u59cb\u53d1\u4e8e\u5fae\u4fe1\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\uff08\u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba\uff09\uff1a\u3010\u5b9a\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\u3011\u8d5e\u52a9\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u80fd\u529b\uff1a\u5e87\u62a4\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8f68\u8ff9 | \u56fd\u653f\u5b66\u4eba<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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